Cocaine effects on a newborn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cocaine effects on a newborn - Essay Example Another risk is â€Å"placental abruption†, a premature separation of the placenta from the uterus wall which may cause excessive bleeding and death risk to both the mother and baby (â€Å"Cocaine Addiction and Pregnancy: Effects on Newborns†). Cocaine effect on newborns is serious. The pregnant woman’s use of cocaine can decrease the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the growing fetus. Cocaine-exposed babies have low birth weight, low Apgar score, shorter length and smaller head circumference than unexposed babies. These consequences can be a sign of future developmental delays and abnormalities. Babies from mothers using cocaine have greater possibility of being born prematurely. These babies experience breathing difficulties which may cause stroke even before birth or immediately after birth. Stroke can lead to the development of lifetime brain and developmental disorders (â€Å"Cocaine and Pregnancy†). newborns are often irritable, hyperactive, sleepless and have a low frustration tolerance, muscular stiffness, visual disturbances, low feeding and sucking abilities and sensory incapacities. There have been reported cases of loose bowels, vomiting, and seizure occurrences. A number of these problems may last for 2 to 2  ½ months after birth (â€Å"Cocaine and Pregnancy†). Cocaine-exposed newborns may go into deep sleep for longer than usual (Gorski). Pregnant mothers who uses cocaine for an extended duration may deliver babies that have birth defects and abnormalities in the face, brain, heart, eyes, limbs and muscles. Some babies may be born with intestinal, genitals and urinary problems (â€Å"Cocaine and Pregnancy†). When cocaine enters the placenta, it disturbs the circulation inside the fetus’ body. Cocaine stays in the body of the developing fetus for an extended duration. That is why evidences of cocaine can be found in the urine and hair

Presentation of the Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Presentation of the Speech - Essay Example I chose this topic because more and more people prefer to spend their holidays in this way. With increasing of the urbanization process, more and more people are trying to get out to nature. However, it is understood that going to such hikes is a serious event, which can be dangerous for health and life. Therefore, if you decide to go to the mountains, you need to know the following important information that helps you to backpack successfully and prevent all possible misfortunes.Hike in the mountains is a wonderful rest. However, in order to avoid some troubles and difficulties during a hike, it is necessary to observe a few important rules. Even experienced climbers often are hesitant to go to the mountains alone. The minimum of tourist group for hike in the mountains is two or three people, and at least two of them must be men.  Warn your relatives or acquaintances that are going camping. You should provide at least approximate date of your return. The minimum set of equipment f or each member of the expedition should include a flashlight and extra batteries to it, reliable lighter or a box of matches, a hunting knife, necessary amount of food and water, first aid kit and a tent. No matter how it is hot, tourists need to have tightly woven clothing: long pants and a jacket or sweater with long sleeves. It is advisable to buy special clothes for hiking in specialized stores. Tissue and cut of such clothes fit ideal for outdoor activities in the mountains. Footwear is a very important part of outfit in such campaigns.

Leading And Managing A Change In Clinical Practice Nursing Essay

Leading And Managing A Change In Clinical Practice Nursing Essay I had seen many patients complains of complex wounds that need long time to cure. Complex wounds are considered as a real challenge to the health care providers especially when it is accompanied with factors that can play role in impaired and complicate wound healing such as Surgery, infection, the presence of diabetes, Trauma, Radiation, Autoimmune diseases and arteriosclerosis. As stated by Ferreira. M, 2006: The most commonly seen complex wounds that require special care and attention are Wounds in the lower extremity of diabetic patients, Pressure ulcers, Chronic venous ulcers, Wounds following extensive necrotic processes caused by infections and Chronic wounds related to vasculitis and immunosuppressive therapy that have not healed using simple care. There is no specialized and responsible team who can determine the best type of management for the patients with complex wounds. The health care provider in the hospital is providing the same care and management to the patients who complaining of simple or complex wounds. They need to know that There are striking differences between simple wounds, for example surgical wounds or skin scratches, and those chronic wounds that do not heal primarily and demand specialized care, mostly in hospitals (Ferreira. M, 2006) .This will harm the patient (physically and emotionally), decrease the quality of care that provides to the patients, delay wound healing and increase the period of hospitalization. The care provided for patients with wounds can be described in one single word which its DRESSING. While the treatment of the complex wound is much complicated. Determining that the majority of these complex wounds should be considered surgical cases and not just cases for dressings as stated by Ferreira. M. 2006. The treatment of complex wounds should be by using surgical procedures instead of the clinical measures. In addition to debridements, skin grafting, and flap coverage. Health care providers (doctors, nurses, etc) need to increase their awareness about the important of the presence of wound management team in each hospital to decide the best type of management, decrease the complexity of the treatment and choose the best surgical approaches that will increase the quality of life to the patient. Step 2 A complicated wound needs more than just a bandage to recover and heal. It needs special attention; compassion of a wound care team who are specializes in non-healing and slow to heal wounds. As stated by Tjandra. J, 2001Wound healing is the replacement of destroyed tissue by living tissue, and is fundamental to survival. My vision is to form a team of professionals who work together to assess patients wound and provide input regarding their treatment. This team consists of physicians, physical therapists, dietitians and nurses wound therapy nurses and nurses specialized in complex wounds. These specialized wound nurses may visit patients in their home in order to provide an effective plan to heal their wounds. They have to work on providing appropriate wound care to the patients that will help the complex wound to heal faster. As well as they should know that Wound healing may be impaired by general factors such as malnutrition, corticosteroids, diabetes mellitus and anaemia, which affect the patient as a whole. And local factors such as infection, ischaemia and hematoma which affect the site of the wound (Tjandra. J, 2001). In addition to cleansing, control bacterial growth and prevent infection. This team will also provides education to patients and their families to help prevent any future complications, increase there awareness regard complex wounds and their demands to heal, encourage them to collaborate with the team and participate in the treatment. This change will enhance the quality of care patients received; improve the quality of life, decrease the period of hospitalization and promote the process of healing. It is important that all practitioners are aware of the pathophysiology and aetiology of pressure ulcers and mechanisms to prevent pressure ulcer development (Ousey, K, 2005) because Patients with complex wounds need to spend long period in the hospital so they will be at high risk of develop bed sore. Team members should coordinate program to prevent pressure ulcer that will protect the patient from getting this series skin problem. This change will build up a very strong team who are able to put the patient on the right way of cure and make them able to treat the complex wounds in time less than the expected. It is a real chance for all the health care provider specially nurses toward increasing their knowledge and improving there skills. Wound care team consider as a good step towards improving the health care services in the hospital. Step 3 4 Leadership is a very important concept in nursing professional that helps to develop the skills of nurses and the other health care professionals. I will be able to achieve my vision by using one of the most important models in leaderships and management. It is John Adairs Leadership model. Adair has developed what he calls a functional approach to leadership based on three overlapping circles of needs which are achieving the task, managing the team or group and managing individuals (Cipd 2010). By adopting this model of leadership, my responsibilities as a leader to achieve the task are as follows: sharing my vision, goals, and objectives with the team members. Then, create an action plan to achieve the task, considering timescales and strategies. It is important to share my action plan with the members and ask them for feedback or suggestions. After that I will distribute responsibilities by agreement and delegation, monitor and maintain overall performance against plan and report the progress toward the team aim continuously. Finally review, reassess, adjust plan, methods as necessary. In addition to that I will encourage and motivate the members to be involved in making decisions and giving suggestions, to make the task a success and meet our goals. The leader should try to resolve any groups conflicts and look for ways to develop a cooperative team working. However, to develop each nurse and improve her skills, we will recognize the team member as individuals, and get to know their strengths and needs, we have to help them and encourage them to challenge the complex cases of wounds. It is very important to give awards and recognitions to the individuals hard efforts and work. Therefore, to achieve my vision and reveal the benefits of this change I will apply Lewins three- stage model of change. It is a holistic model that helps people to think about the change and gradually adopt it as pointed out by martin (2003). Lewin proposed 3 stages for any changes to occur, including: the unfreezing stage is when people start to believe that there is a need for change, the moving stage, when it is possible to make changes, and the refreezing stage is when the change is strengthened and becomes the new normal state (martin 2003). In the unfreezing stage team members must realize that they will be able to treat any type of complex wounds and promote wound healing if they work on improve their knowledge and skills. They will see the importance of act as one collaborative group to enhance the quality of care and promote wound healing. As stated by Reinelt (2010) Evidence-based practice (EBP) is commonly used to inform practice decisions in the fields of medicine, nursing, social work, child welfare, and criminal justice. So it is important to provide the team with some evidence based research that will guide decision-making about what treatments and protocols to use with individual patients, and offenders to ensure the highest possible accountability for producing good results. Reinelt (2010). In addition to that, I will invite nurses and doctors from other countries that are already implemented this idea in their hospitals and ask them to give presentation to our health care providers about their experience and discuses how this change can improve the quality of care and increase the benefits to the patients. Throughout this stage, I will be expecting initial resistance to the change by some people but I will listen carefully to their opinions and issues, I will try to convince them of the important and the benefits of implementing this change. I will also encourage them to give suggestions that would help in achieving my vision. In the moving stage, we will see the possibility of forming complex wound team in the hospital and improve members skills and knowledge. In this stage I will arrange for different teaching sessions and workshops that will help in increase members knowing, improve their therapeutic and communication skills, and enhance their confidence. One of the most important nursing leadership qualities is supporting your team, If the members of the team wish to develop new skills, or apply their theoretical knowledge in a practical environment, it is important that the leader provide a supportive environment for them to try out these skills. This will provide them with the true method of learning, and develop their skills in a competent manner (Lalwani, P. 2010). In addition, there will be a team supervisor who will distribute and organize the work between the members and promote team collaboration. In the refreezing stage, the change is carried out and implemented, the team is working together to treat and promote healing of any difficult wounds. Leader should keep in mind that not every member can deal with stress and other such aspects of the profession very well. So, as a leader, I will need to support them, and understand and help them in a way that proves useful for them (Lalwani, P. 2010). The Leader is responsible of solving problems, encourage and motivate the members and introduce feedbacks, as stated by Lalwani, P. 2010, Feedback can, and should also be positive, as this will further encourage your team members to perform better and keep introducing innovative yet efficient ways of becoming independent. Therefore, there will be monitoring committee to observe team achievements, evaluate their understanding, knowledge and skills and recognize the benefits of this change for patients, families, and the healthcare providers. The findings will determine if we will carry o n this change, stop it or create another action plan to overcome the difficulties and improve the outcomes. Step5 As stated by Lalwani, P. 2010, my goal is ensure the betterment of the organization I am work for, by improving the quality of patient care, which I can do with the application of various creative leadership qualities and management strategies, and the different leadership styles in nursing. My action plan included many steps and events which will aid to achieve my vision and create wound management team consist of physicians and nurses specialize in the complex wounds. This will help to achieve my goals such as enhance the quality of care patients received, improve patients quality of life, and promote healing of the difficult wounds. In addition to improve health care providers knowledge and skills regarding the difficult wounds and the most important thing is create nurses specialize in wound therapy and make them able to treat any complicated wounds. So I think my action plan is fit well with my previous explanation and rational for change. Conclusion By the end of this assignment I discover that there are at least 8 qualities that successful leaders have: Responsibility, Integrity, Decision takers, Deal with facts, Vision and inspiration, Optimism, Resilient, and Excellence (Brodie, D. 2008). The Successful leaders are not just working to put themselves in good senior position but to use their skills, knowledge and all the leadership qualities for the growth of the organization that they are working for, provide high quality of care to the patients that will lead to patient satisfaction and play role in the progress of their health and well being. I can understand now that the leaders are those who are willing to follow. They must be perfect in whatever they do, because by doing their best; they will discover that only the best is expected from their team members. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1807-59322006000600014script=sci_arttext Tjandra, J. Clunie, G. Thomas, R (2001). Text Book of Surgery/ Wound Healing and Wound Management. USA, Canada, Australia. 2nd ed., Pp 20, 23, 24, 25. Ousey. K, (2005) Pressure Area Care, UK.1st ed., Pp 13 http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/maneco/leadership/leadshipovw.htm?IsSrchRes=1 Martin, V. 2003 Leading change in health and social care, 1st ed., Routledge: London and New York, Pp. 104-06. http://leadershiplearning.org/blog/claire-reinelt/2010-06-29/use-evidence-based-practice-field-leadership-development http://www.buzzle.com/articles/nursing-leadership-qualities.html (Lalwani, P. 2010) http://ezinearticles.com/?The-8-Qualities-of-Successful-Leadersid=760414

Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Essay -- Economics Economy

The Federal Reserve is considered an independent central bank who is still held accountable to Congress. Monetary Policy is a tool that the government uses in order to influence the economy. The FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee) can affect monetary policy by using three tools. 1. Open Market Operation- the buying and selling of U.S. government securities 2. Altering reserve requirements- the amount of money banks must hold when its customers deposit monies. 3. Adjusting the discount rate- the interest rate charged to commercial banks. As of today the FOMC is changing interest rates to assist in inflation, intrest rates must change in order to make inflation better. A decision the FOMC makes for the good of our economy. Open Market is a way to influence the economy which is defined as the buying and selling of government securities. When the Federal Reserve feels the economy does not have enough money in the population they buy securities from members banks and increase the amount of money, if the Federal Reserve feels the economy has too much money in the population and want...

The Difference Between Benjamin Franklin and Phyllis Wheatley

In the 18th century, the British colonies that would eventually become the United States of America contained a wide variety of types of people. America really was a â€Å"New World.† It had not really completely invented itself yet. As a result, there were a wide variety of types of people living in the British American colonies. Benjamin Franklin and Phyllis Wheatley are two examples of Colonialists in America with markedly different backgrounds, lives, and gender and those differences are reflected in what they wrote. Phyllis Wheatley was kidnapped as a child from Africa and sold to a family in Massachusetts. This family recognized her abilities and educated her. Phyllis Wheatley wrote poetry that reflected her refined upbringing in Massachusetts. Benjamin Franklin, on the other hand, essentially ran away from home at the age of 15 and made his own way. He came from a more working-class family. One thing that these very different two people have in common, however, is that they rose from humble beginnings to accomplish things that are still highly regarded today. Wheatley's poetry demonstrates that she must have received a classical education. The language she uses is elaborate and full of symbolism. They reflect high degrees of optimism and idealism. One example of such a poem by Wheatley is â€Å"On Imagination.† In the poem, Wheatley uses metaphor to think of imagination as an â€Å"imperial queen.† In language that would be considered artificial and stilted today, she writes, â€Å"Thy wond'drous acts in beauteous order stand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The flowery and exalted language compare sharply with Benjamin Franklin's style of writing, which was much more practical and down-to-earth. Much of Franklin's writing was completely practical in nature. In â€Å"Poor Richard's Almanac† he provided information people needed at the time in their everyday lives. He wrote pithy columns for daily or weekly publications about issues that affected people right then. Franklin was a practical man, and although he displayed tremendous imagination, he put it to practical use. While Wheatley was writing about â€Å"Th' empyreal palace of the thund'ring God.† Franklin debated the merits of being married vs. taking an older woman as a mistress. These differences are to be expected. In the 18th century, genteel women – and Wheatley was raised as a genteel woman even though she started her life in America as a slave – did not concern themselves with the practical realities of life. The differences in their writing highlight the fact that although they both grew above their position at birth, Franklin was able to elevate himself more than Wheatley could. Part of this difference undoubtedly lies in their racial differences, and part of it their gender differences. Franklin was an active inventor, a highly imaginative use of creativity. He invented bifocals, a development that resulted in dramatic changes in the manufacture of eyeglasses. He invented the Franklin Stove. Homes were often heated by fireplaces during that time, and only one side of a fireplace released heat into the room. The Franklin Stove stands in the room and is not built into the wall. The result is that heat is released from all sides, providing more heat for the home. While Franklin's work was largely practical, sometimes he applied imagination to life simply out of curiosity. He devised his experiment with a kite and a key because he was curious about lightning, not because he was looking for some way to harness lightning and use It in some practical way. But even then his approach was simple and concrete. He wrote no flowery poem extolling the wonders of lightning after he finished his experiment. It seems likely that if a woman had taken a kite, tied a key to the string and flown the kite in a thunderstorm, people might have thought she had gone mad. The differences between Franklin's and Wheatley's writing may reflect a difference in formal education. Wheatley must have had a formal, classical education to write in the style she did. Her poetry includes references to Greek mythology. We know that Franklin had little formal education. During the 18th century this did not have to interfere with advancement and a high level of education was not required for most jobs. As a printer, it seems likely that skill with his hands would be at least as important as the ability to read and write, skills Franklin clearly developed. But since he was apprenticed to his brother at age 12 and fled to Philadelphia when he was 15 it seems very unlikely that he had an opportunity to study Greek myths. Franklin advanced himself by developing skills that had real market value. He became a very good printer and actually created a franchise for his skills. His writings were widely read. He had a trade, he was very good at it, and because of that he could support himself and his wife well. His wife helped. She ran the store they owned. But she did not start businesses on her own, and while she was certainly entitled to share in her husband's wealth, she would have had a very hard time accomplishing what he accomplished on her own. For instance, Franklin began his first real successful printing enterprise by getting a loan. It seems unlikely that such a loan would have been given to his wife. Wheatley, of course, had the added obstacle of being Black. Interestingly, it appears that being Black was not much of an obstacle for Wheatley, given the times in which she lived. She still received an outstanding education. Instead, the differences between Franklin and Wheatley may be more one of class. Wheatley's poetry suggests an upper class education, whereas Franklin's life and writing suggests a much closer connection to the common man. It also appears that Wheatley was very religious. This is revealed in another of her poems, where she expresses thanks for being brought to America as a slave, because it brought her to Christianity. However, her religious beliefs go well beyond the simple concept of salvation. In â€Å"On Imagination,† she views imagination as God's residence, and writes, â€Å"From star to star the mental optics rove, measure the skies, There in one view we grasp the mighty whole, or with new worlds amaze th' unbounded soul.† She sees God in everything she views, and grasps the enormity of creation. By comparison, Franklin talks about religion in practical terms. In his letter â€Å"Advice on the Choice of a Mistress,† he says that taking an older woman for a mistress is less of a sin than â€Å"debauching a Virgin.† While he mentions sin, most of his letter witty and clever but completely ignores the issue of whether taking a mistress is against God's law or not. His argument is moral: don't ruin a young girls' life just because you don't want to marry – it's not necessary. Franklin wrote directly, and without metaphor, especially the extended ones Wheatley was fond of. He used short sentences that got right to the point, such as â€Å"A stitch in time saves nine.† Wheatley, however, wrote more elaborate expressions. When she admired the paintings of a young African-American, she wrote a 34-line using iambic pentameter – the same meter often chosen by Shakespeare. However, although we know from reading her poem that she admired the paintings, we don't get any clear image of what the painting might have looked like. She spends a good part of the poem in good wishes for the poet: â€Å"Still may the paint's and the poet's fire to aid thy pencil, and thy verse conspire~ And may the charms of each seraphic theme Conduct they footsteps to immortal fame!† By comparison, Franklin gives very specific and practical advice to his friend who does not wish to marry, including 8 reasons he should take an older mistress if he does not marry, including the final one: â€Å"and lastly. They are so grateful!!!† Such earthy humor is not present in the poems of Wheatley's examined here. He also gives humorous advice such as to cover the upper torso of an older lover with a basket, because the head and upper body suffer the ravages of age first. Even when giving intensely personal advice, Franklin is practical as well as entertaining. Franklin seems to enjoy bawdy humor based on this example. However, it should be noted that Franklin may not have intended this letter to be published and may have written in a less graphic style for public consumption. Benjamin Franklin lived a remarkable life. He was apprenticed to his older brother and worked hard for him, only to make his brother jealous of Benjamin's abilities. Benjamin managed to keep his brother's paper operational while the brother was in jail for expressing his beliefs, and wrote a column for it anonymously, slipping his work under the door at night. When he finally revealed to his brother that he was â€Å"Silence Dogood,† his brother only scolded him. Defying the norms of the day, he ran away at age 15. He arrived penniless in Philadelphia but not only created his own fortune, but won the hand of the young woman who first saw him when he arrived in Philadelphia looking quite disreputable. He then parlayed one success into the next, ended up a leader in the emerging new country, and served as the new country's ambassador to France. Franklin seems to have succeeded at everything he attempted to do. With almost no education, he became a famous writer, a founding father of what became a great nation, and an ambassador. He had no advantage of class; upper class youth were educated and not apprenticed to a trade. He seems to have had a talent for recognizing opportunity when it was presented to him, because running away was illegal. Such an action could have begun a serious downward spiral. Instead it was the start of the first of many opportunities Franklin created for himself. Along the way he developed concern for the common good. He organized Philadelphia's first hospital and first fire department. Wheatley's circumstances were quite different. Kidnapped and brought to the U. S. as a slave, she was fortunate to be purchased by a family that educated her. However, she could not have had the opportunities to create her own fortune as Franklin did, both because she was female and because she was Black. One has to wonder how Phyllis Wheatley fit into Massachusetts society as an adult. It would have been difficult for her to find an African-American husband who had her level of education. It just have been quite a shock to many to discover that the beautiful, elaborate poetry had been written by a former slave. It would have been very difficult for her to get a college education. Perhaps she could have been a teacher, maybe for African-American children, but genteel women of the time were not brought up to have some kind of career or trade. That was the province of young men such as Benjamin Franklin. Still, both Franklin and Wheatley seem to have made the best they could of their circumstances. Franklin had an uncanny knack for business and understood the printing trade very well. It probably helped him that he entered this field just as being able to communicate with people via the printed word was going to become very important. The printed word played an important role in rallying colonists around the cause of separating from Great Britain. In spite of what must have been very restrictive circumstances, Wheatley found the perfect outlet for her education, language abilities and intellectual skills in her ornate poetry. In this way, both Franklin epitomized the United States during the 18th century, because for people with talent and determination, America truly was a land of opportunity.

Nursing: Years Ago and Today

The history of nursing, a segment of the white collar service sector, reflects the general trends in the transformation of work that gave rise to the new, dependent, salaried, white collar workforce, in conflict over the construct of professionalism. Although previously independent practitioners, by the end of World War II, a decisive majority of nurses were forced to find employment in the newly emerging bureaucratic hospitals as their opportunities for autonomous nurse-patient relationships diminished (Melosh 32). In the nation's hospitals, nurses were subject to processes of bureaucratic control very much like those described by Edwards for both production and nonproduction workers (Edwards 17). Invisible mechanisms of control, including the human capital notion of professionalism and the use of written rules to govern nurses' tasks and supervision, were invoked to discipline this white collar workforce. Historically, nurses' responses to these constraints have been filled with conflict. In the 18th century, nursing was merely another of women’s domestic chores. By the early 19th century, however, nursing had emerged as an occupation performed by respectable working-class women, primarily widows and spinsters. It was a specialty within domestic service, consisting primarily of cleaning a patient's body, linen, and dressings. This kind of labor was considered by most 19th-century men and women as an extension of woman's â€Å"natural† biological capacity for domesticity, docility, nurturance, and willingness to sacrifice (Berg 21). A fine line separated the 19th-century nurse from the domestic servant, as both were expected to perform household chores. By 1868, however, they were more clearly differentiated by salary; the nurse earned $1.00 to $2.00 a day whereas the servant earned only $2.22 per week (Reverby 9). Because of the close association with dirty domestic work, few middle-class women entered nursing. Until the Civil War, nursing remained an occupation performed by poor, older, single women with no formal education or training. These women were often drawn from rural areas into the cities in search of paid work, where their options were generally sewing, lodging borders, domestic service, or nursing. By 1870, there were over 10,000 women officially employed as nurses in the United States. Until the 20th century, hospital nursing was less prevalent than household nursing since most births, deaths, and illnesses occurred in the home. The majority of Americans did not see the inside of a hospital until the turn of the century. Hospitals were barely hospitals as we now know them. They were charitable institutions built by philanthropists at the end of the 18th century for the poor, the socially marginal, or the unemployed. Indeed, many hospitals evolved out of public almshouses. Patients in both public and voluntary hospitals were incarcerated for dependence as much as for disease in the 1870s (Vogel 105), and their hospital stay was often for weeks or months, not days. Impermeable walls and guarded gates surrounded the institutions, enabling hospitals to assert some control over the working class, immigrant, or destitute patient. Although benevolent, hospitals treated their patients disdainfully, with authoritarianism and paternalism. Their purpose was to provide the patient with moral uplift while instilling social control. Hospital administrators believed their patients were from â€Å"the very lowest; from abodes of drunkenness and vice in almost every form, where the most depressing and corrupting influences were acting on both body and mind† (Vogel 24). Children were decontaminated upon arrival and taught â€Å"discipline, purity and kindness.† The trustees hoped this regimen would reform the children, who would then bring â€Å"newly refined manners, quickened intellect and softened hearts† back to their homes. Some hospitals attempted to reform adults as well because they believed society benefited not just by saving these workers but also by â€Å"rekindling in them their faith in social order† (Vogel 26). Nurses in these hospitals were generally ambulatory patients themselves, caring for fellow â€Å"inmates.† If not actual patients, hospital nurses originated from the same poor and working-class sectors of society as the patients. They often held several jobs simultaneously and were frequently reprimanded for â€Å"sewing-out† (manufacturing garments on the ward) while on duty (Reverby 24). The status of the 19th-century hospital nurse was very low, comparable to the status of all female patients at this time. The female patient of 1870 was characterized in a letter to the Boston Evening Transcript as â€Å"a woman who has fallen into the sins of the wayside†¦ too weak to resist the temptations which have beset their unguarded footsteps† (Vogel 26). Similarly, the hospital nurse was characterized by Florence Nightingale, the 19th-century British reformer, as â€Å"too old, too weak, too drunk, too dirty, too stolid or too bad to do anything else† (Reverby 26). Hence, stringent rules governing general behaviors regarding sex, language, and use of alcohol and tobacco were enforced for both patients and nurses in the hospital. Although nurses lived in close proximity to the patients, they were forbidden to socialize with them. In order to prevent them from socializing or drinking with the patients, nurses were kept busy from 5:00 a.m. until 9:30 p.m. They were continually scrubbing patients, garments, and wards, since sanitation was the only method of disease prevention in the 19th-century hospital. When they had completed these tasks, they were given innumerable others to keep them in line. In addition to such domestic tasks, nurses were often responsible for providing more serious health care in the doctor's frequent absence as well. They often managed labor and delivery cases independently. This forced nurses to exercise independent medical judgments, despite doctors' prevailing expectation that nurses would be completely subservient to them. With the taste of autonomy, nurses began to expect greater latitude in their work. They began to see themselves as adult wage workers, not children to be controlled by the hospital â€Å"family,† as the hospital trustees portrayed the workplace. The face of nursing changed during the Civil War. Middle- and upper-class women, motivated by patriotism, familial duty, or simply a search for meaningful work, began to work in hospitals, nursing wounded men, and raising funds for the war (Mottus 65). The unsanitary and disorganized conditions in army hospitals led to the emergence of relief associations. In 1861 the Women's Central Association of Relief was formed with the explicit purpose of â€Å"furnishing comforts and medical stores, and especially nurses in aid of the medical staff of the army†¦ and to take measures for securing a system of well trained nurses against any possible demand of war† (Mottus 24). Drawing on Nightingale's British model of army nursing, the Registration Committee on Nurses sought prospective applicants with specific qualifications: they were to wear dresses without hoops, provide references confirming their high moral character, and be no older than 45 years of age. Nurses trained according to Nightingale's nursing model, learning the laws of both morality and hygiene. The post-Civil War years, characterized by remarkable economic growth, the rise of industrial corporations, the decline of small entrepreneurs, and the emergence of urban America, engendered the expansion of relief organizations and the development of new charity organizations. Both were controlled in large part by middle- and upper-class female reformers. These women, many of whom had participated in organized nursing during the Civil War, focused on reforming the moral character of the poor, soiled by the ravages of urban society (Lubove 4-5). The expansion of the charity organization movement represented another response by a troubled middle class to the social dislocation of the post-Civil War industrial city: â€Å"Charity organization was a crusade to save the city from itself and from the evils of pauperism and class antagonism. It was an instrument of social control for the conservative middle class† (Lubove 5). In the post-Civil War hospital, middle-class women joined forces with hospital trustees and developed training schools for nurses. The reformers' purpose was to â€Å"save† the country girl from the city, foster a profession of nursing, and reform the hospital. They attempted to carry out this goal by developing a cadre of trained, professional, middle-class nurses. The hospital trustees, however, sought nurses as a cheap labor force for the hospital. During the depression years of the 1890s, the hospital moved away from being a charity organization (Rosner 119). Philanthropists, affected by financial crises themselves, were no longer able to be the sole supporters of the institutions. Hospital trustees turned to the middle-class patient as a new source of income for hospitals. This change motivated trustees to alter the hospital's architecture as well as its workforce. Its image became more hotel-like, with private rooms, private doctors, and private nurses. The reformers convinced the trustees that young, educated nurses of middle-class origins would be more appropriate caretakers for wealthier patients than untrained, working-class nurses. Hence, while the middle-class reformers were attempting to create a profession for respectable middle-class women, embodying Victorian America's idealized vision of upper-class womanhood (empathy, gentility, and dedication to service), the trustees were still seeking an inexpensive yet disciplined workforce. The middle-class student nurse was their answer. One of the first training schools for nurses emerged in 1889 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital as a joint effort between the women reformers and the hospital trustees. They sought applications from Episcopalian and Presbyterian daughters of the clergy and the professions (James 214). The reformers hoped such a school would become the new social incubator for daughters of the new middle class. They sought only educated and refined students; women who had previously worked in the mills or domestic service were discouraged from applying. The reformers argued that only women with proper, virtuous backgrounds could enhance the moral atmosphere of the hospital. Student nurse training meant working 13-hour days at domestic duties under strict military discipline. Understaffing and medical emergency continually forced students into positions for which they were unprepared. These poor work conditions of overwork, lack of adequate training, bad food, and arbitrary discipline took their toll on the students, resulting in the 1910s in strikes against nursing supervisors (Reverby 37). During the 1930s and into the 1940s the private duty market collapsed altogether (Melosh 197). The new array of hospital techniques for both patients and nurses fostered a new role for some nurses, however: that of hospital foreman, supervising a new hierarchy of subsidiary nurses. The nursing professionalizers urged hospital administrators to hire educated graduate nurses of middle-class origins for these positions. Administrators were not hard to persuade on this point since they were able to hire nurses with more education and experience for the same wage as the student nurse, given depression-era unemployment. At first, grateful for work, graduate nurses accepted this condition. In time, however, graduate nurses responded to this situation with unrest, high rates of absenteeism, and turnover. Conflicts between adherents of the more elitist, human capital interpretation of professionalism and proponents of the need to work continue to resonate from staff and head nurses today. Many staff nurses claim that besides taking care of patients, they’re working to put shoes on their children’s feet and nursing administrators just don't see that they work to support their life outside the hospital too. Such a comment was just as appropriate in the 1880s as it was in 1985. The same debates still rage on. Besides, there are two current health care issues facing the profession of nursing today: a misdistribution of nurses across the United States and burnout, both noted as causes for a nursing shortage.   There is a misdistribution of nurses across the United States and there are at least two apparent reasons for this: geographic immobility and a lack of incentives for rural and inner-city hospitals. Nursing is a very demanding and stressful profession. Burnout is described by Annette T. Vallano in Your Career in Nursing, as a form of mental, physical, emotional, spiritual, and interpersonal exhaustion that is not easily restored by sleep or rest.   Nurses experience burnout when they are overwhelmed and unable to cope with the day-to-day stress of their work over long periods of time.   Burnout may also be a reason that many nurses have decided to work only part-time, thus burnout may be a contributing factor to the nursing-shortage problem. All in all, nursing has evolved from the days of Florence Nightingale to a highly respected and educated profession.   But there are challenges for the future.   In short, â€Å"the nursing profession needs to begin to recognize new trends and patterns† (Lowenstein1), while also recognizing â€Å"it is crucial that nurses learn to generate new ideas for care, utilizing the new medical and communication technologies that are blossoming daily, but also keeping our high touch together with the high tech† (Lowenstein 1). Works cited Edwards, Richard. Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century. New York: Basic Books. 1979. Berg, Barbara. The Remembered Gate: Origins of American Feminism: The Woman and the City, 1800-1860. New York: Oxford University Press. 1978. James, Janet. â€Å"Isabel Hampton and the Professionalization of Nursing in the 1890s†. In Charles Rosenberg and Morris Vogel (eds.), The Therapeutic Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1979. Lowenstein, Arlene. â€Å"Vision for the future of nursing.† ICUS NURS WEB J, 16, Oct/ Dec 2003 http://www.nursing.gr/editorialLowenstein.pdf. Lubove, Roy. The Professional Altruist: The Emergence of Social Work as a Career, 1880-1930. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1965. Melosh Barbara. The Physician's Hand: Work Culture and Conflict in American Nursing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1982. Mottus, Jane E. New York Nightingales: The Emergence of the Nursing Profession at Bellevue and New York Hospital, 1850-1920. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. 1980. Reverby, Susan. Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1987. Rosner, David. A Once Charitable Enterprise: Hospitals and Health Care in Brooklyn and New York, 1885-1915. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1986. Vallano, Annette. Your Career in Nursing. Kaplan; 3rd edition. January 3, 2006. Vogel, Morris. The Invention of the Modern Hospital, Boston, 1870-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1980. ;

In American film noir, female criminality is Essays

In American film noir, female criminality is Essays In American film noir, female criminality is Essay In American film noir, female criminality is Essay ‘In American movie noir, female criminalism is linked to destructive gender. Discuss With the exclusion of the Western, possibly no other genre of Hollywood movie devising is more a merchandise of its clip than Film Noir. As Marc Vernet ( 1993 ) inside informations, Noir has its socio-political roots in post-War Europe and its aesthetic roots in German Expressionism, both illustrations of surroundings that depend and originate out of the polarization and the geographic expedition of double stars ( political in the former, aesthetic and thematic in the latter ) . It is small admiration, so, that Noir’s popularity coincided with the societal paranoia that was bit by bit doing itself felt in America ( and most notably in Hollywood ) in the late fortiess and 50s and that would happen ultimate look in McCarthyism ; a point made by Robert Aldrich, manager ofSnog Me Deadly( 1955 ) and cited by Jon Tuska ( 1984 ) [ 1 ] . Despite a changeless trust on mutual opposition and double star, both in footings of narrative and mise en scene ( man/woman, life/death, light/shadow, law/crime ) , Noir, as we shall see, isasconcerned with their evildoing, every bit long as this is followed by a subsequent reassertion. This paper aims to look at this procedure within the context of both depth psychology and historicism, associating the two together to offer non merely decisions about the dramatic art and semiologies of Film Noir but besides its topographic point in the male orientated regard of post-War Hollywood. Nowhere is the construct of the double star more evident than in the figure of the femme fatale who, as Janey Place ( 1998 ) suggests is â€Å"a male phantasy ( like ) most of our art† ( Place, 1998: 47 ) . The femme fatale, in movies such asThe Big Sleep( 1946 ) ,Double Indemnity( 1944 ) andThe Postman Always Rings Twice( 1946 ; 1981 ) exists non merely as the â€Å"icon of desire† ( Porfirio, 1999: 97 ) but, as the fulcrum upon which the narrative flexible joints. It is the male hero’s desire for the femme fatale that provides the footing for non merely his ain criminalism ( inThe Postman Always Rings TwiceandDouble Indemnity) but besides the misrepresentation that normally consequences in his ruin. The building of the femme fatale as Janey Place suggests is â€Å"expressed visually both in the iconography of the image and in the ocular style† ( Place, 1999: 54 ) . Phyllis Dietrichson ( Barbara Stanwyck ) inDouble Indemnity, for case, encapsulates the semiotic over-coding of the typical Noir femme fatale: her hair is an about white peroxide blond, her apparels are monochromatic and she is illuminated, throughout the movie, in blunt contrast to the shadows that are behind her and that cut the characteristics of the male figures in half. This non merely adds to the concretisation of the subtext of good and evil but besides highlights her topographic point in the narrative as desirable yet, finally, out of range a point made by Place and Peterson ( 1976 ) in their survey of Noir’s ocular motives: â€Å"Far removed from the feeling of softness and exposure created by ( the ) diffused techniques ( of Hollywood characteristics ) , the Noir heroines were shot in tough, unromantic close-ups of direct, undiffused visible radiation, which create a difficult, stately surface beauty that seems more seductive but less come-at-able, at one time tempting and impenetrable.† ( Place and Peterson, 1976: 328 ) As this suggests, a major facet of the Noir femme fatale can be seen to shack in her position as impossible object ; her closet, the lighting, the makeup and the camera focal point all combine to bring forth an image that is iconic instead than realistic, that is a signifier instead than a portrayal of existent humanity. As James Naremore ( 1998: 101 ) suggests, this sense of the iconic, of the sacred, is underlined by the changeless mention to ocular fetishes in connexion with the female figure: a lip rouge inThe Postman Always Rings Twice, an ankle watchband inDouble Indemnityor a baseball mitt inGilda( 1946 ) . These articles are synecdochic non merely with the female herself but with the desire that she represents, in other words they are fetishes for a fetish. Of class, the creative activity of a desirable object in the femme fatale is non merely for the interest of the hero but for the audience and as such provides much of the focal point for the male orientated regard. As feminist critics of the genre have argued ( Gledhill, 1996 ; Humm, 1997 etc ) , Film Noir is mostly, if non entirely, centred around the male witness offering merely either a masochistic designation with a ambidextrous female supporter or a sort of transgendered empathy with the male lead for the female audience. [ 2 ] It is the femme fatal that characterises the male regard of Film Noir, as she is filtered through the festishistic phantasies of the hero that are, themselves, condensed versions of the scriptwriter’s and the director’s. The male regard of the camera, that desires the female along with the hero, is instrumental in making the authoritative Noir experience. The hero, and therefore the male witness, is non merely opposed to the female’s gender but besides her sense of legality as, really frequently, it is the woman’s criminalism that prompts the man’s evildoing, a impression postulated besides by Foster Hirsch in his surveyFilm Noir: The Dark Side of the Screen( 1981: 13 ) . The female felon, so of Noir is one founded upon fraudulence and coercion. As inDouble Indemnity, the femme fatal non merely exists as a form for desire but besides for the evildoing of boundaries of legality, both components of what Lacan termedjouissance[ 3 ] . The construct ofjouissanceis most closely associated with Lacan’sSeminarTwenty: Encore( Lacan, 2000 ) and relates non merely to the construct of pleasance (plaisir) or enjoyment but to its possible to be limitless and destructive, as Jean Michel Rebate ( 2003 ) inside informations: â€Å"Jouissance ( can be seen as ) a impression that translates Bataille s constructs of waste, outgo, titillating surplus, and trangression.† ( Rebate, 2003: 18 ) Jouissancein Lacan is both orgasmic and terrifying ; it functions non merely as a sexual attractant but as the field beyond the symbolic, beyond the Torahs of both the personal and the societal. The Noir femme fatal, as Zizek suggests inThe Plague of Fantasies( 1997: 48 ) is a form for merely such evildoing and for the enjoyment that arises out of sexual and legal freedom, the license to make as one supplications. However, this designation is non simply a merchandise of the relationship between the male hero and the female supporter as much Noir unfavorable judgment might propose, alternatively it is formed out of the psychoanalytic illation that arises from the triangular relationship between the hero, the femme fatale and the symbolic male parent figure. It is the last of these that concretises the Oedipal constructions of Noir and, as we shall see, offers us most in footings of construing the nexus between female criminalism and destructive gender. For Lacan, it is the intercession of the Father, and emasculation, that mediates the destructive power ofjouissancethrough the infliction of regulations ( once more, both personal and societal ) , as Dany Nobus ( 1998 ) inside informations: â€Å"It can be pointed out that emasculation, the operation by which jouissance is drained off from the organic structure, is chiefly a symbolic operation of linguistic communication. It is the infliction of regulations and prohibitions that drains the initial quota of jouissance from the kid s organic structure in the emasculation complex.† ( Nobus, 1998: 13 ) In Lacan, it is the ‘No’ ( or Name ) of the Father that frustrates the desire for the Oedipal Mother and that inscribes the Symbolic jurisprudence onto the topic. In Noir, it is this same symbolic Father ( Sackett ( Lean Ames ; William Traylor ) inThe Postman Always Rings Twice; Keyes ( Edward G. Robinson ) inDouble Indemnityetc ) that intervenes between the hero and the femme fatal, stand foring both the jurisprudence of the land and the psycho-social prohibition of incest. It is of import to observe that it is this character, the symbolic Father, that fixes and sets the psychological place of the other two sides of the trigon. This same Oedipal trigon occurs clip and clip once more in Film Noir and its many off shoots:Double Indemnity,The Big Sleep,Criss Cross( 1949 ) , Gilda, every bit good as Hitchcock’sForeign Correspondent( 1940 ) andDizziness( 1958 ) . It is, we could asseverate, the figure of the Father as jurisprudence that finally links the impressions of female criminalism and destructive gender by transforming the relationship between the two lead supporters from one of heterosexual lecherousness to one of Oedipal incest. In Lacanian and Freudian depth psychology, nevertheless, as David Stafford Clark ( 1965 ) inside informations, this Oedipus inspired emasculation centres the kid within the sexual kingdom and prepares him ( for by and large Freud trades with the male kid ) for maturity: â€Å"the secret passions of the kid for the female parent can non stay either guiltless in the child’s ain head or capable of fulfillment with any grade of completeness. It can non be fulfilled because the kid can non hold the female parent wholly to himself.† ( Stafford Clark, 1965: 93 ) Both Freud ( 2001 ) and Lacan ( 1997 ) saw the inability to be inducted into this scenario as a major aetiological ground for the oncoming of psychosis, doing the No of the Father integral to a healthy psychosexual development. What does this state about Noir and, more significantly our hypothesis sing its linkage of female criminalism and destructive gender? As Zizek intimations at inThe Plague of Fantasies, the gender of the Noir can be seen as non merely destructive ( in that desire for the femme fatal leads, really frequently, to the ruin of the hero ) but besides constructive in that it, finally, upholds the Torahs of the society and punishes those that transgress them. It is the emasculation of the hero by the symbolic Father that concretises the boundaries of the Torahs and the societal conventions every bit good as underscoring the place of the male libido in relation to femalejouissance[ 4 ] . This point is related toDouble Indemnityby Claire Johnson ( 1997 ) : â€Å"The split between the Symbolic and Imaginary which structures the text insists in Keyes’ overlapping map as symbolic and idealized male parent, driving the movie towards declaration and closing ( and ) as symbolic male parent Keyes must stand for the Law and manus Neff over to the police.† ( Johnson, 1997: 97 ) As we hinted at earlier, this state of affairs can merely come about through the male regard of the camera and an premise of a male witness. However, this is turn, as Jon Tuska ( 1984 ) invariably reiterates, is a contemplation of the genre’s socio-political roots. As we stated in the debut, Film Noir can be seen to reflect the socio-political political orientation of its clip, as Paul Schrader ( 1986 ) inside informations in his essayNotes on Film Noir: â€Å"As shortly as the war was over†¦American movies became markedly more sardonic – and there was a roar in the offense movie. For 15 old ages the force per unit areas against America’s amelioristic film had been constructing up and, given, the freedom, audiences and creative persons were now eager to take a less optimistic position of things.† ( Schrader, 1986: 171 ) Noir morality is built on evildoing and the crossing of legal boundaries, in many Noir movies it is the hero that is made condemnable, normally through the trickeries of the femme fatale. The audience is made complicit with this because, as we have discovered, through the mise en scene we are made to portion in the adoration of her iconic beauty, we understand why the hero does what he does and we are made to believe we would make the same. Ultimately, so, the Noir movie is mostly conservative ; order is by and large restored at the terminal of the movie and the characters punished, either killed or sent to prison. The No of the Father, merely like in Lacanian or Freudian depth psychology, restores order and allows male Reason and the jurisprudence to enforce themselves on female criminalism and destructive gender. It is easy to see why this motive would be so attractive to the Hollywood of the 1940s and 50s: there is a acknowledgment of complexness, of the presence of both good and evil but there is besides the soothing presence of all seeing symbolic Father who restores the position quo and allows life to go on as it did earlier. There is an obvious linkage between female criminalism and destructive gender in Film Noir, in many ways it is one of the genre’s most abiding cardinal leitmotiv. The femme fatale is invariably held in resistance to the masculinity of both the hero and the symbolic male parent figure and she stands as non so much as a owner but an object of destructive desire. As we seen, nevertheless, in the expansive construction of the Noir existence, this desire is merely destructive to the hero, in footings of the model of the jurisprudence and the symbolic order, it is a constructive, healthy desire because it finally leads to emasculation and the Restoration of legality. The evildoing of the hero, so, becomes what Zizek, inOn Belief( 2001 ) calls â€Å"the obscene supplement† ( Zizek, 2001: 119 ) that upholds the jurisprudence. The inquiry so becomes non is at that place a nexus between female criminalism and destructive desire, but is the desireDelawaresstructive orconstructive. One the one manus, it provides the roots for the hero’s ruin on the other it creates the environment for the Restoration and concretisation of the societal order and, like many things in American Film Noir, the reply to this depends on whose position you are sing from. Mentions Copjec, J ( 1993 ) , â€Å"The Phenomenal Nonphenomenal ; Private Space in Film Noir† , published in published in J. Copjec ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Sunglassess of Noir: A Reader, London: Verso, pp.167-199. Freud, S ( 2001 ) ,The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. Twelve, London: Verso. Gledhill, C ( 1998 ) , â€Å"Klute: A Contemporary Film Noir and Feminist Criticism† , published in published in E. Kaplan ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Womans in Film Noir, London: BFI, pp.20-34. Hirsch, F ( 1981 ) ,Film Noir: The Dark Side of the Screen, New York: A.S. Barbes ) Humm, M ( 1997 ) ,Feminism and Film, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University. Johnson, Claire ( 1998 ) , â€Å"Double Indemnity† , published in E. Kaplan ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Womans in Film Noir, London: BFI, pp.89-98 Kuhn, A ( 1994 ) ,The Power of the Image, London: Routledge. Lacan, J ( 1982 ) , â€Å"God and the Jouissance of Women† , published inFeminine Sexuality, London: Pantheon Books, pp.137-148. Lacan, J ( 1997 ) ,The Psychosiss: 1955-1956, London: Norton. Lacan, J ( 2000 ) ,On Female Sexuality, the Limits of Love and Knowledge, 1972-1973, London: Norton. Mulvey, L ( 1999 ) , â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema† , published in L. Braudy and M. Cohen ( explosive detection systems ) ,Film Theory and Criticism, Oxford: Oxford, pp.833-844. Naremore, J ( 1998 ) ,More than Night: Film Noir and its Contexts, Berkeley: University of California. Nobus, D ( 1998 ) ,Key Concepts of Lacanian Psychoanalysis, London: Other. Topographic point, J and Peterson, L ( 1976 ) , â€Å"Some Visual Motifs of Film Noir† , published in B. Nichols ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Movies and Methods, Berkeley: University of California, pp.325-338 Topographic point, Janey ( 1998 ) , â€Å"Women in Film Noir† , published in E. Kaplan ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Womans in Film Noir, London: BFI, pp.47-68. Porfirio, R ( 1999 ) , â€Å"Whatever Happened to the Film Noir? The Postman Always Rings Twice† , published in A. Silver and J. Ursini ( explosive detection systems ) ,Film Noir Reader 2, New York: Limelight, pp.85-98. Rebate, J.M ( 2003 ) ,The Cambridge Companion to Lacan, Cambridge: Cambridge. Schrader, P ( 1986 ) , â€Å"Notes on Film Noir† , published in Grant, B ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Film Genre Reader, Austin: University of Texas, 169-182. Stafford Clark, D ( 1965 ) ,What Freud Really Said, London ; Penguin. Tuska, J ( 1984 ) ,Dark Cinema: American Film Noir in Cultural Perspective, London: Greenwood. Vernet, M ( 1993 ) , â€Å"Film Noir on the Edge of Doom† , published in J. Copjec ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Sunglassess of Noir: A Reader, London: Verso, pp.1-32. Zizek, S ( 1997 ) ,The Plague of Fantasies, London: Verso. Zizek, S ( 2001 ) ,On Belief, London: Routledge. Bibliography Selby, S ( 1984 ) ,Dark City: The Film Noir, London: St James Press. Spicer, A ( 2002 ) ,Film Noir, London: Longman. Filmography Criss Cross( 1949 ) , dir. Robert Siodmak. Double Indemnity( 1944 ) , dir. Billy Wilder. Foreign Correspondent( 1940 ) , dir. Alfred Hitchcock, Gilda( 1946 ) , dir. Charles Vidor. Snog Me Deadly, ( 1955 ) , dir. Robert Aldrich. The Big Sleep, ( 1946 ) , dir. Howard Hawkes. The Postman Always Rings Twice( 1946 ) , dir. Tay Garnett. The Postman Always Rings Twice( 1981 ) , dir. Bob Rafelson. Dizziness( 1958 ) , dir. Alfred Hitchcock. 1

Three Plagues essays

Three Plagues essays For various reasons throughout history and throughout the world humans have been devastated by pandemics, epidemics, and endemics that have nearly wiped out populations entirely. This paper will overview just a few of the most devastating of these epidemics which will include the black plague, smallpox, and cholera. Black Plague 1347-1844: The most devastating of all epidemics was the black plague or bubonic plague which actually turned into a pandemic. In 1347 rats and fleas boarded Italian Genoese merchant ships at Caffa on the Black Sea. These ships passed through the Dardanelles, sailed to Messina (Sicily), Pisa, Genoa, Marseilles, and to Egypt. As 1348 wore on trading continued and by then plague had begun striking populations along the Atlantic and Baltic coasts. Then it traveled across fields and reached people living deep in the interior of their countries (Watts 1). Asia, the Middle East, and Europe were greatly devastated by the plague. There are three types of plague; bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. The first symptoms are headache, nausea, vomiting, and aching joints. The lymph nodes of the groin, armpit, and/or neck become painful and swollen to approximately the size of chicken eggs. The temperature rises to 101-105 degrees Fahrenheit accompanied by chills. The pulse and respiration rate are increased. In nonfatal cases the temperature begins to fall in about five days and becomes normal in two weeks. In fatal cases death results in about four days. In pneumonic plague death usually occurs in two to three days after the first appearance of symptoms. In septicemic plague the victim has a sudden onset of high fever and turns deep purple in several hours, often dying within the same day. The purple color is due to respiratory failure which is where the name "black death" came from (Encarta n.pag.). There were many responses to this epidemic many of which were not scientific. Some believed tha...

Sad Quotes About Life

Sad Quotes About Life When the heart is burdened with grief, nothing looks bright. It is not easy to shake off the gloom. The more you try to run away from it, the more it chases you. So let us learn to face our sadness. Here are some sad quotes about life. Use them as an antidote for your depression. Flush the negativity out of your heart. Believe that life is awesome, and you have the chance to make the most of it. Theres something addictive about sadness. It is like a drug that makes you crave sadness. At the same time, you want to get away from it. The self-pity, the self-deprecation, and the selfishness keeps one wallowing in grief. It is a cocoon that keeps you aloof from the world of joy. Its time to break away from this downward spiraling thoughts. Self-pity helps no one, not even you. If you want to move on, think positive.   I can get sad, I can get frustrated, I can get scared, but I never get depressed - because theres joy in my life. Michael J. Fox For all sad words of tongue and pen, The saddest are these, It might have been. John Greenleaf Whittier Nobody deserves your tears, but whoever deserves them will not make you cry. Gabriel Garcia Marquez Every man has his secret sorrows which the world knows not; and often times we call a man cold when he is only sad. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Its easy to cry when you realize that everyone you love will reject you or die. Chuck Palahniuk Open your eyes, look within. Are you satisfied with the life youre living? Bob Marley The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer, but rather what they miss. Thomas Carlyle Even a happy life cannot be without a measure of darkness, and the word happy would lose its meaning if it were not balanced by sadness. Carl Jung Courage and cheerfulness will not only carry you over the rough places in life, but will enable you to bring comfort and help to the weak-hearted and will console you in the sad hours. William Osler Dying seems less sad than having lived too little. Gloria Steinem Sadness flies away on the wings of time. Jean de La Fontaine Although the world is full of suffering, it is also full of the overcoming of it. Helen Keller I thought when love for you died, I should die. Its dead. Alone, most strangely, I live on. Rupert Brooke Numbing the pain for a while will make it worse when you finally feel it. J. K. Rowling Sadness flies on the wings of the morning and out of the heart of darkness comes the light. Jean Giraudoux

Negotiation & Conflict Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negotiation & Conflict Resolution - Essay Example I was negotiating with him to lower the rent. My tangible goal was to lower the rent, while my intangible goal was to negotiate in a manner so as not to spoil my amicable relationship with my landlord. My landlord’s tangible goal was to fix the rent according to his desire, whereas his intangible goal was to get hold of a new tenant if I could not meet his terms. My position was to negotiate till I could reduce the rental amount. However, my landlord’s position was not revealed during the negotiation. My interest was in the fact that too high rent will be unaffordable for me and my landlord’s interest was to increase the rent to cover the increasing rate of inflation. I could not have paid the rent if it exceeded ten per cent of my salary. My landlord’s resistance point was not revealed during the negotiation. Any negotiation is incomplete if the involved parties do not consider and evaluate their BATNA. The BATNA not only acts as an alternate action plan, but also places the person in a stronger position with respect to the opponent in negotiation. For this reason, it is advisable that one works on discovering and strengthening his BATNA and also showcases it to the other party. However, one must keep in mind that he should reveal his BATNA only and only if he feels it is strong enough to give him an upper hand in the negotiation. A weak BATNA should better not be revealed as it may backfire by working against the person. My BATNA was strong because there were two similar apartments in my neighbourhood with similar amenities, landlords carrying a good reputation and rent well within my budget. However, at that point of time, the landlord of one of those buildings was also involved in serious rent negotiation with his tenants and moreover, a few other persons were interested in taking up my apartment on rent, in case I vacated it. For this reason, my landlord’s BATNA was also strong. I strengthened my BATNA by studying landlor ds are charging for similar accommodation in my locality, and whether houses with reasonable amenities are available at lower prices. I did my homework by seeing nearby places, checking their rents and making a note of details such as square footage, furnishings, appliances, amenities and proximity to workplace, gym and marketplace. Then I played them off against each other and made sure that there are many alternative accommodations available in the area. My landlord had revealed that his interest was to cover the growing inflation by raising the rent. He had therefore prepared his BATNA by considering some new prospects for filling up the vacancy in case I quit. Before entering into a verbal discussion process with my landlord, I had clearly outlined the purpose of our discussion as an attempt to reach a collaborative decision by finalizing a rent amount that suited both of us and helped in keeping our cordial ties intact. Having thus developed the agenda, we started off a brainst orming session in order to evaluate all the possible alternatives available to us. Various ideas were generated from both parties as an alternative to the rent hike. My landlord suggested options such as longer lease period, advance payment of multiple months’ rent or longer notice period in the lease termination agreement. On the other hand, I offered to give up the parking space and made a deal for referrals for his other apartment that he was planning

General Electric Medical Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

General Electric Medical Systems - Essay Example PEST Analysis Political UK offers stable political conditions and a favorable business environment. The laws, rules, and regulations are also favorable for any company to establish its business operations in the region. It is said to provide a very politically friendly environment for conducting businesses. This has made it one of the leading destinations of investments by companies expanding their global operations. The country also maintains consular relationships with other countries. This would provide a favorable place for the growth of the healthcare sector (Coleman, 2010, p.12). Economic The open economy of UK enhances the facilities if international trade and also provides opportunities for conducting overseas businesses. The gross domestic product or the GDP rate is as high as $2,345 billion. According to forecasts, it is expected to develop the â€Å"strongest business environment of all major European economies for the period 2007 to 2011† (Coleman, 2010, p.12). It is also blessed with a strong workforce which is a basic requirement for the establishment of any enterprise. This implies that the company would not confront with problems in finding manpower. Socio-Cultural The most favorable aspect is the absence of any adverse cultural or religious influences on ways in which businesses are conducted. Also, the general business hours start from 9 am and runs till 5.30, which demonstrates very flexible timings of work. The number of working hours in a week is 37.5 (Coleman, 2010, p.12). The media sector is also predominant and flourishing which would provide greater facilities of communication for business and the general public. Technological It has a number of development agencies which look into the promotion of the economic growth of their respective regions. One of the main sectors that come under the purview of these agencies is healthcare technologies. It tries to identify the business needs and prospects of the industry (Coleman, 2010, p. 17). The nation has been showing immense productivity growth and has been outperforming most other nations. This can be attributed to the technological innovation of the nation. Competitive Analysis The healthcare system in the UK is highly competitive. The government has been making extensive efforts in â€Å"extending choice and competition† in the healthcare sector to enhance productivity. This has also been done in favor of improving the healthcare services as per the needs of patients. The result has been improved healthcare services at low costs (Propper, 2010, p.6). â€Å"UK Healthcare† is one of the best providers of medical services in the nation. â€Å"The UK Albert B. Chandler Hospital† is considered to be one of the best hospitals in the nation. It is also said to be the best academic medical center. The nation has also witnessed the growth of a number of online medical facilities (UK Healthcare, 2007, p.1). There are numerous numbers of suppliers of medical services. Some of the well-known names are â€Å"Baxter Healthcare Limited†, â€Å"Bayer PLC†, â€Å"Beckman Coulter UK Limited† (Burton Hospitals, 2008, p.1), etc.

Immigration reform Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Immigration reform - Research Paper Example The United States Immigration Reform is focused on the population of immigrants currently resident in America, legal and illegal, aimed at managing the impacts of immigration, especially illegal immigration and overstaying of visas. Immigration Reform originated from the view that immigration has and still is, impacting the United States negatively and began with the 1986 Act. The large numbers of immigrants into the country who come seeking employment have resulted in a reduction of wages for American natives who have lesser skills while the costs incurred in providing such services as education, healthcare among others bear unforeseen negative impacts on the economy. However, the high immigration rate has helped to compensate the low birth-rate and large aging population, helping to expand America’s workforce and their contribution to taxes and government programs for the aging like Medicare and Social Security have helped increase America’s help support (Schmidt, She lley and Bardes 575). The 2012 Immigration Reform is influenced by the Republican and Democratic leaders’ positions that support a STEM immigration bill, and the IEEE-USA’s fight for a high-skill visa reform. This 2012 Immigration Reform package includes such propositions as the issuing of 45,000 to 55,000 new green cards for international; graduate students, putting an end to country-cap restrictions within the EB visa program for skilled workers, a provision to extradite the family-visa immigrants’ process, and a new entrepreneur’s visa program for immigrants with plans to set up businesses upon immigration (Harrison). The proponents of the Immigration Reform believe that it presents an opportunity for legalization of undocumented immigrants and shall help to end workplace immigration raids. The proponents of the Reform propose securing of the United States which they view as a chance to stem cross-border violence. Their proposal

How changes in technology and the emergence of a global economy might Essay

How changes in technology and the emergence of a global economy might affect college graduates seeking jobs , and what new skill - Essay Example First of all, communication across cultures is the most important skill one should possess in the global economy. It is essential in the present business world to communicate with people from various cultural backgrounds. Undoubtedly, today’s workplace is rapidly becoming vast as business spreads to new geographic locations. So, knowing how to communicate with various cultures will make business transactions and management easy. Thus, recognizing cultural differences can ensure that the business transactions are successful. In fact, people from dissimilar cultural backgrounds have different ways of communication. This may result in poor communication, and consequently in misunderstanding and frustration. In such a global business arena, it becomes necessary for management students to have good cross cultural communication skills. In fact, the consequences of poor cross-cultural communication are plenty. In the opinion of Don W. Prince et al, they are â€Å"lost confidence, lo st customers, lost business relationships, and lost opportunities† (Prince & Hoppe, 2007, p. 30). The second important skill is computer skills. One cannot think about a business in the modern day world that functions without the aid of a computer. Presently, computer is used by employees at all levels in a company.

Independence of auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Independence of auditing - Essay Example The accuracy and reliability factor basically governs the shareholders’ relationship with the company, because such published account reports are the only indication about the company’s financial position (especially the soundness and proper functioning of its current investments), and as such, represents the basis on which the shareholders decide about investment in the company. Shareholders, therefore, need to be assured about the accuracy and reliability of the company’s published accounts. This is the reason why it is mandatory for companies to have their accounts checked by an independent auditor. High profile cases like the Enron debacle tend to not only lower the esteem of the auditing profession as a whole, but also to erode confidence of shareholders, making them doubt the authenticity of the reports published (Hermes.co.uk). The global auditing world is ruled by 5 auditing firms (called the Big Five) that have the capability to audit the largest public companies in the world. They are PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PwC), Klynveld, Peat, Marwick, Goerdeler (KPMG), Ernst & Young (E&Y), Deloitte & Touche (D&T), and Arthur Andersen (AA) {Europa.eu, 2002}. The Big Five attained their structure and position as a result of several mergers with other auditing firms (the last major merger involved Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand, who formed PriceWaterhouseCoopers, thereby trimming the Big Six to Big Five {Europa.eu, 2002}). After the Enron scandal in 2001, AA was struck off the Big Five list with the result that there are now the Big Four audit firms. Within the U.K, PwC is the largest audit firm, although by a worldwide comparison, the Big Four are almost evenly matched (Oxera.com, 2006). Public concern about the independent status of auditors stems from the trend of audit firms to diversify to other non-audit services

Carla Homolka Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carla Homolka - Essay Example For example, Bardsley (2007, Pg. 1) reports that, â€Å"She loved Paul very much. He was so unique and so very wild in bed. She would do absolutely anything to keep his love, anything at all†. However, in more professional terms and by taking a different viewpoint a different statement can be given. Anne McGillivray is an Associate Professor of Law at the University of Manitoba and she says that Carla had, â€Å"A moral vacuity in her which is difficult if not impossible to explain (McGillivray, 2007, Pg. 1)†. I feel that amongst the crimes she committed, the most difficult thing to understand is how she could help in the rape and murder of her own sister. Of course this was also her way of making up to Paul her ‘fault’ of not being a virgin before she married him. Paul wanted a virgin and was interested in deflowering her sister so she became his accomplice. However, during the process of drugging her and raping Tammy, she died and Paul as well as Carla had to hide their crime under the cover of an accident where Tammy was supposed to have drowned in her own vomit. However, this did not stop them from committing the same crime again with another girl who they kidnapped and held hostage for 24 hours during which they repeatedly assaulted and raped her. This crime was also recorded on videotape and continued till the girl died from the torture they committed on her. To hide the body, they cut her into pieces and dumped the parts in a lake (Bardsley, 2007). The couple then kidnapped another 15 year old girl with and kept her alive in their basement for several days while they engaged in rape and torture similar to the previous times they had committed this crime. Her body was found in a ditch with no clues to the murder. Carla herself suffered heavily at the hands of her husband who beat her often and in 1993 she had to leave her husband since she was hospitalized with a beating that gave her

Independence of auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Independence of auditing - Essay Example The accuracy and reliability factor basically governs the shareholders’ relationship with the company, because such published account reports are the only indication about the company’s financial position (especially the soundness and proper functioning of its current investments), and as such, represents the basis on which the shareholders decide about investment in the company. Shareholders, therefore, need to be assured about the accuracy and reliability of the company’s published accounts. This is the reason why it is mandatory for companies to have their accounts checked by an independent auditor. High profile cases like the Enron debacle tend to not only lower the esteem of the auditing profession as a whole, but also to erode confidence of shareholders, making them doubt the authenticity of the reports published (Hermes.co.uk). The global auditing world is ruled by 5 auditing firms (called the Big Five) that have the capability to audit the largest public companies in the world. They are PriceWaterhouseCoopers (PwC), Klynveld, Peat, Marwick, Goerdeler (KPMG), Ernst & Young (E&Y), Deloitte & Touche (D&T), and Arthur Andersen (AA) {Europa.eu, 2002}. The Big Five attained their structure and position as a result of several mergers with other auditing firms (the last major merger involved Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand, who formed PriceWaterhouseCoopers, thereby trimming the Big Six to Big Five {Europa.eu, 2002}). After the Enron scandal in 2001, AA was struck off the Big Five list with the result that there are now the Big Four audit firms. Within the U.K, PwC is the largest audit firm, although by a worldwide comparison, the Big Four are almost evenly matched (Oxera.com, 2006). Public concern about the independent status of auditors stems from the trend of audit firms to diversify to other non-audit services

Socio economic class Essay Example for Free

Socio economic class Essay There is a challenging and closely related link between religion and public schools. Diversity in class rooms also includes the diversity of religions and some of the teachers think that religion has become the most controversial subject. There are students from different religions studying in USA schools including Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs; the school curriculum also includes material on religion (Kunzman, 2006). Schools are the breeding ground for the future actions of children and they should focus, among other things, making students understand the diversity of the fellow students specially when conflicts may erupt as a result of the differences and religion is one such sensitive aspect that can result in disagreements about our way of living in the society and our behaviors. USA is still dominated by Christianity but religious pluralism is increasing in the country and it has been found that â€Å"The United States has become the most religiously diverse nation on earth† (cited in Kunzman, 2006). The importance of religious diversity is evident from the fact that a religious diversity must be carefully analyzed and made a part of school curriculum if we want to live without conflicting religions together. (Kilman, 2007). Following are some guidelines that should be kept in mind while educating religiously diverse classes: Students should not only be equipped with the basic knowledge of different religions but they should also be made to understand and appreciate the other religions and respect the differences, this is done to value diversity and not to change the individual believes (Kunzman, 2006). Students should be clearly taught that religion is a private affair and has nothing to do with how we socially interact with each or make friends. There is absolutely no reason to have disagreements with fellow students over religious practices or values. Learning about other religions and cultures in a respectful environment doesn’t imply the loss of the child’s unique cultural or religious identity (Kirmani Laster, 1999). There is a lack of commitment in public schools towards developing students’ cognitive understanding of religion. Some studies point out the inattention towards religion in textbooks while others give evidence of a lack of confidence on behalf of the teachers’ lack of confidence in addressing current religious standards (Kunzman, 2006). As long as the schools are not serious about imparting religious education or understand how important they are to managing diversity, no step can be taken at the level of individual teachers or students. Without the necessary steps, appreciating other religions’ diversity is not possible. Another one of the many several ways to mark diversity is socio economic class. Some of the school that have been limited by a recent U. S. Supreme Court ruling from using race as a criteria for diversifying schools can use socio economic diversification as an alternative mean; as a result of such adoption, school populations are expected to go through certain changes (editorial, 2007). Social status has a link with gender. It has been explained through a study that often the result of differences in achievements are linked to these factors. In disadvantaged societies where there are low resources, inequality in education takes place and girls are the one who are at a disadvantage, thus unfair and unequal distribution of social and economic resources takes place and the gender to which the opportunity available, usually male students reap the benefits (Dekkers et al, 2000). Other than the disadvantage faced by the gender, no such difference in academic progress occurs because of the socio economic diversity (Dekkers et al, 2000). Race Students from many different races come to schools these days including Hispanics, African American and Asians. In the earlier days, the children of the minority race were not welcomed in playgrounds and schools and were a victim of discrimination but now the trend has changed and as a result, children from all races are not only welcomed but considered important for the prestige of the schools as greater number of students from the different minority races show that minorities are celebrated at this place.. There is little encounter to prejudice or biasness on behalf of the students nowadays. Many of the teachers believe that racism has been long gone. The affirmative action programs have resulted in reverse discrimination Most of the children of different races, it has been observed, are better at academics than their white friends but in the long run, this difference doesn’t really count.

Comparison of Impressionist Artists | Essay

Comparison of Impressionist Artists | Essay Impressionism began in France in the mid 1800s. The Impressionists were not very popular because they had a different approach to painting. At this time, many artists painted in a very traditional way that involved spending hours in a studio, painstakingly creating detailed paintings. These paintings were sometimes of people, landscapes, or historical events. The Impressionists however often painted out of doors and wanted to show the immediate effect of light and colour at particular times of the day. Their works are sometimes described as captured moments and are characterized by short quick brushstrokes of colour which, when viewed up close looks quite messy and unreal. If you step back from an Impressionist painting, however, the colours are blended together by our eyes, and we you able to see the painters subject which often showed colourful landscapes, sunlight on water as well as people engaged in outdoor activities and enjoyment. Paintings by Impressionist artists have become some of the most popular artworks of all time. This is probably because their subjects were usually pleasing and uncomplicated. For the purpose of this essay, I shall compare and contrast three artists who have been inspired by and whose works are based on the natural environment. The first artist I looked at was George Leslie Hunter (7 August 1877 6 December 1931) he was born in Rothesay on the Isle of Bute. His family emigrated to California when he was 13. His early work was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and he returned to Scotland shortly afterwards, living in Glasgow. He held his first one-man exhibition at the Reid Gallery in Glasgow in 1916. During the 1920s, he became part of a group of artists who came to be known as the Scottish Colourists. All were influenced, by the purity, bright colour and brushwork technique of the French Impressionists, Hunter is best known for scenes painted in Fife and in the South of France. He died in Glasgow in 1931. He belonged to the Impressionism movement. In 1930 Hunter painted Reflections, Balloch, it was painted in oils. The work is quite bright and representative of the subject, it looks rather like a photo or postcard. The painting is light and colourful, with a lot of detail; the boats are well painted and there is definitely a lot more detail gone into painting the water and that does show in the painting with the reflection seeming far more important. It has a light feel to it. The trees frame the houses and add depth to the painting. He painted the water in a very rich way so it looks shiny and reflective but deep and cold at the same time. The composition of the painting is very orderly with the background mostly taken up by the houses and trees, the middle ground a strong presence of the boats and the foreground is filled by the water, with the reflections of the boats and trees shimmering on the top of the glistening water. The colours are mostly primary with white being prominent as it is used to describe the light reflecting on the surface of the water. There is a distinct line between the land and water, the riverbank and boats being a strong divide. There is a patchwork feel to the colours, which shows in the texture of the brushstrokes. There is an older style feel to the subjects, as the houses and boats are period, but the painting could have been painted today as it has freshness. The water appears to be thinning towards the edge of the painting as Hunter is trying to show the light reflecting, but the strong presence of the boats and houses make me feel that these were his main aim, yet I feel not as much at tention was given to the painting of them, the buildings and boats do not include such fine detail. The trees are very detailed and have a strong presence. The second artist to look at was Claude Monet (1840 1926) he was born in Paris, but raised on the Normandy coast. He began his art career as a caricaturist. In 1858, painter, Eugene Boudin, introduced Monet to landscape. In 1873, Monet set up a floating studio on the Seine and began to paint landscapes in the Impressionist style. Monets family lived in LeHavre near the sea in Northern France where he spent a lot of time painting out-of-doors scenes. About 1890, he began to paint pictures in series, showing the same subject under various conditions of light and atmosphere. He bought a house at Giverney and for approx 40 yrs; he worked on pictures of his water garden. Claude Monets work Sunset on the Seine, winter 1880 which was painted in oils, is a delicate painting that is full of colour, the light seems to be the artists main focus as the main part of the painting seems to be the reflections, It seems to be painted with just a couple of colours that vary in depth. The sky also has a vibrant orange and red glow to it making it look like it is a scene from an Australian bush fire more than a sunset on the river Seine. There is not much of a difference between the sky and the water it can only be distinguished by the ripples and small waves painted on the water top.There are some bushes seen either side of the picture, they lead your eyes into the painting and you can see fishermen on boats in minute detail. The colours are one of the strengths of this painting, heightened by the texture of the paint, which is rough like sandpaper. The two bushes either side of the painting are in the foreground, with the boats in the middle, and a vague outline of the shore in the background. There are hidden in the sunset some more mottled tones that appear to be trees and bushes in the distance. The main subject of the painting is the sunset and its reflection on the water. My final artist to research was Winslow Homer an American artist, 1836-1910 he was a realist painter, and painted confrontations between humans and nature. Homer was an illustrator for magazines such as Harpers Weekly. During the Civil War, he visited the front as an illustrator and documented military camp life. After the war he studied painting in New York and Paris. In the 1870s and 1880s, Homer started painting rural scenes and worked in both oil and watercolour. He travelled a lot and painted in Canada, Bermuda, Florida, and the Caribbean. Winslow Homer painted Deer Drinking in 1892, It was in watercolours. It is a painting of a Deer drinking from a stream, the deer is looking at its reflection and is laying across a tree, the reflection is so good that it is hard to see which is real, the deer or the reflection It sort of looks like in this painting the deer is kissing itself through the water or it is like two deer stuck together, one on land one under the water. It has a much darker background with the forest behind, but the light and water is where you want to look mostly. The colours used are very earthy, giving you a great sense of the forest. The body of the deer is captured with the lighter colours giving you a sense of sunshine landing on it. The texture of the water is captured by his heavy brushwork, with a lot of movement seen in the use of white implying light, as it makes you feel the water is moving with the deers drinking. The deer in the foreground of the painting takes up most of the canvas, the log h e rests on leads your eye towards the forest in the background. Conclusion I think the three paintings are very different, each one looking at a different part of the natural environment, Hunters painting Reflections, Balloch is showing a modern picture of houses and boats, man living and doing things in the environment. Claude Monets work Sunset on the Seine, winter 1880 seems more as if he is trying to capture something from the past, memories of life that was, it has an atmosphere that is moody, warm, reflective, of an environment that had gone. Winslow Homers painting Deer Drinking seemed far more real, a lot more natural for an interpretation of the natural environment it also seemed a lot more creative and far more easier and nicer to look at. My personal opinion of the first painting by George Leslie Hunter is that it is a really pretty rural scene of a river boat going along a very reflective well painted river. The reflections in the river are very good especially of the trees overall, I like this painting a lot. The painting Sunset on the Seine by Claude Monet this is also a water scene but the sky stands out far more then the water for me. In this painting, I really like the warm glow. Its marvellous rich fiery colours are a feast for the eye and great to look at overall. I also really liked this painting. The third painting Deer Drinking by Homer Winslow has amazing detail and beautiful range and tone of colours making it look more like a photograph instead of a painting and for this I also really like this painting. Although I think, the three paintings are very different, all these artists were interested in capturing nature in the moment, and did by bringing painting traditionally an indoor activity outdoors where they could observe their subject directly. By using various methods used in impressionists style, loose brushwork and suggestive lines, opposing colours and tonal values, sometimes a suggestion of form as opposed to an illustrated approach, they have all captured a moment, that might have gone unnoticed, for the viewer to enjoy for many years to come. Sources http://www.suite101.com/content/art-lesson-plan-on-how-to-paint-like-the-impressionists-a307383 http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/hunter_george_leslie.html http://www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45HYPERLINK http://www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918HYPERLINK http://www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918tabindex=44HYPERLINK http://www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918HYPERLINK http://www.richard-green.com/Hunter-George-Leslie-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=45tabindex=44artistid=918artistid=918 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism http://giverny.org/monet/welcome.htm http://www.artic.edu/artexplorer/search.php?tab=2HYPERLINK http://www.artic.edu/artexplorer/search.php?tab=2resource=480HYPERLINK http://www.artic.edu/artexplorer/search.php?tab=2resource=480resource=480

What To Do About The Pollution Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Envir

What To Do About The Pollution Have you ever stopped to think about what our personal motor vehicles are doing to our environment? Gasoline powered vehicles are one of the biggest causes of the depletion of our ozone. There are so many ways we can clean up our environment, but first we need to stop polluting it. If a major action were to be taken, efficient funds would need to be collected in order for any project to be successful. That is why I propose that in order to fund conservation of the natural environment, the federal government should increase gasoline tax by $1.00 per gallon. It only seems fair to raise the price of the major cause of the pollution problem. In order to reduce pollution, mass transportation in cities seems like it would be a good idea. Buses, subways, and light rail systems are all forms of mass transportation. However, even though this takes cars off the streets, it still puts pollution into the air. Another downside of mass transportation is that people might choose not to use it because of its Inconvenience. People these days are very busy, some plan their days down to every minute. They depend on their personal vehicles so they can run their days according to their own schedules. Another solution that is becoming more common, is the use of ethanol fuel. This is safer for our environment, but it is not 100% ethanol, thus it pollutes the air as well. The best way to clean up the environment that I can see is to switch to the use of electric vehicles. Currently electric vehicles are only available by lease. So, I suggest that the money the federal government gets from collecting more gasoline tax, should go toward the research of electric vehicles. As soon as they are perfected, and ready to ... ...nt, they also benefit the consumer. EV-Economic Benefits.7Oct2001.http://www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/econ.html Hopefully by the government's action, enough money will be collected to continue the research and making of electric vehicles. A change from gasoline to electricity would immensely benefit our environment. When compared to other options, electric fuel seems to be the only way to reduce pollution without adding more problems as well. As soon as the market foe electric cars is improved, we will be able to start preserving our natural environment. Works Cited Electric Vehicles-FAQs.7Oct2001.http://www.sdge.com/EV/ep_faq.html EV-Economic Benefits.7Oct2001.http://www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/econ.html EV-Environmental Benefits.7Oct2001.http://www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/envir.html EV-Pioneer Profiles.7Oct2001.http://www.sdge.com/EV/cp_pioneer.html What To Do About The Pollution Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Envir What To Do About The Pollution Have you ever stopped to think about what our personal motor vehicles are doing to our environment? Gasoline powered vehicles are one of the biggest causes of the depletion of our ozone. There are so many ways we can clean up our environment, but first we need to stop polluting it. If a major action were to be taken, efficient funds would need to be collected in order for any project to be successful. That is why I propose that in order to fund conservation of the natural environment, the federal government should increase gasoline tax by $1.00 per gallon. It only seems fair to raise the price of the major cause of the pollution problem. In order to reduce pollution, mass transportation in cities seems like it would be a good idea. Buses, subways, and light rail systems are all forms of mass transportation. However, even though this takes cars off the streets, it still puts pollution into the air. Another downside of mass transportation is that people might choose not to use it because of its Inconvenience. People these days are very busy, some plan their days down to every minute. They depend on their personal vehicles so they can run their days according to their own schedules. Another solution that is becoming more common, is the use of ethanol fuel. This is safer for our environment, but it is not 100% ethanol, thus it pollutes the air as well. The best way to clean up the environment that I can see is to switch to the use of electric vehicles. Currently electric vehicles are only available by lease. So, I suggest that the money the federal government gets from collecting more gasoline tax, should go toward the research of electric vehicles. As soon as they are perfected, and ready to ... ...nt, they also benefit the consumer. EV-Economic Benefits.7Oct2001.http://www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/econ.html Hopefully by the government's action, enough money will be collected to continue the research and making of electric vehicles. A change from gasoline to electricity would immensely benefit our environment. When compared to other options, electric fuel seems to be the only way to reduce pollution without adding more problems as well. As soon as the market foe electric cars is improved, we will be able to start preserving our natural environment. Works Cited Electric Vehicles-FAQs.7Oct2001.http://www.sdge.com/EV/ep_faq.html EV-Economic Benefits.7Oct2001.http://www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/econ.html EV-Environmental Benefits.7Oct2001.http://www.sdge.com/EV/Benefits/envir.html EV-Pioneer Profiles.7Oct2001.http://www.sdge.com/EV/cp_pioneer.html