Our Five Senses

Unit 2: Teamwork Assignment, Team A Romy Brannen, Amy Eoff-Stanley, Kourtney Trehern, Amanda Basher, Nathan Palmer, Debra Lee General Psychology – 2027 May 15, 2010 Our Five Senses, Vision, Smell, Hearing, Taste, and Touch The following paper is an explanation of our five senses. How they work and why do we have them. Would a person be able to function if one or more senses were lost? All these questions are answered in following document. Our entire sensory system consists of numerous amounts of different sensors.The main senses are vision, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. Those senses are important. They play a role in our everyday life. Losing one of these senses could be crucial. Let us start with vision. There are many different parts to the eye. The cornea is the window, which has a curve to it. This feature makes it possible to bend light and helps you see more clearly. The pupil works in two different ways. When increased the range of the pupil focuses on the distance s of the objects. As to when decreased it is harder to focus on the objects.Once the object passes the pupil it enters the lens, which can properly focus on the rear of the eye. Adaption allows the lens to change the thickness by flattening objects at a distance, or becoming rounded for closer objects. The eye’s retina then sends the image to the brain. The retina has a thin layer of nerves in the back of the eyeball. They consist of two light sensitive cells known as the rods and cones. Rods are cylinder shaped cells that are highly sensitive to light. Cones are well cone shaped and they are for sharp focus and color.The cones concentrate on the fovea, which allows us to focus on a certain object clearly. Rods and cones have to adaptations, dark and light. Darkness adaptation is leaving a well-lit room and entering a dim room. Light adaptation is the opposite. When stimulated, the eye triggers a neural response that is the transmitted to the other cells in the retina, called the bipolar cells and the ganglion cells. Bipolar cells get information from the rods and cones and send the information to the ganglion cells, which collect the information, which then is the sent to the brain by the optic nerve.The optic nerve splits behind the eye, where the right side of both retinas goes to the right side of the brain and the left side of retinas goes to the left side of the brain. This turns the image right side up. | Smell is another one of our five senses. We can detect a variety of more than 10,000 smells. With our sense of smell, we are able to detect different emotions as well. We release a certain chemical called pheromones. Once airborne, we cannot smell pheromones, yet our brain will detect them as a hidden form of communication.This explains attraction between people. We receive smell by molecules entering the nasal passage where they meet with the receptor neurons of the nose. Each receptor neuron detects a certain type of smell, then travel to the brain. Our brain then combines all different odors into one particular smell. Next, the sense of taste detects 4 main tastes; sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. The brain combines the four tastes then processes into one taste recognizable taste. About once every 10 days, our taste buds are replaced. Because if our taste buds weren't constantly reproducing, we'd lose the ability to taste after we'd accidentally burned our tongues. † (Feldman, â€Å"Understanding Psychology†, 2008, p. 110). The following describes our skin. This has four additional senses. All of which are very important as well. The skin has receptors that respond to touch, pressure, and temperature. The sense of touch gives us information from our surroundings. A network of nerve endings and touch receptors controls it. One of the main receptors is mechanoreceptors that allow our bodies to feel pressure, vibrations, and textures.Next is thermo receptors, it helps us to feel when something is hot or cold. N ext are pain receptors, they detect pain. And last is proprioceptors, they help us to dress and feed ourselves. If one of those senses would be lost, for instance our sense of pain, we would not be able to feel if we got hurt, like burning our hand on a stove or even break a bone. With our sense of touch, we are able to feel when something is wrong and when something is okay. (Sense of touch: 2010, www. hometrainingtools. com/article). One of our major senses is sound erception, the sense of hearing. We sense sound with our ears. Vibrations detected in the ear change to electrical signals, and then transmitted by nerves to the brain. There, those signals are processed and recorded. Characteristics of sound include pitch and loudness. You may be wondering how the ear works. The way the ear works is as follows; sound waves vibrate the eardrum, just inside your ear. That sends waves through a fluid inside a narrow tube called the cochlea. That in turn vibrates tiny hairs which are tune d to the different pitches of the sound.Information from the vibration of the hairs stimulates nerves that send the signals to the brain for processing. (Feldman, 2008, â€Å"Understanding Psychology†, pp 105-106). The sound you hear has both pitch and loudness. The pitch or tone of a sound wave is determined by its frequency, which is the wavelength divided by the speed of sound. The sound you hear consists of different frequencies or wavelengths, which determine their pitch. The amplitude of a sound wave determines its loudness. There is minimum amplitude required for you to hear a sound.Sounds that are too loud can be very painful to us, or even damage the ear and cause loss of hearing. However, the ear has another function, which is balance. Two main structures make it possible for us to move without falling over. Semicircular canals are three tubes like structures of the inner ear containing fluid. When we move, the fluid moves inside those tubes as well. Therefore, our brain is able to recognize rotation or angular movement. Otoliths are crystals that move within the semicircular canals, which make it possible for our brain to sense body acceleration. Through vision, smell, hearing, touch, and taste, we can see they all work together. For example, a trip to the beach would stimulate our senses for a pleasurable day. Through our sense of vision we see the beauty of the beach. Hearing allows us to experience the sounds of the ocean and waves braking. We can smell and taste the food of the venders on the boardwalk. As well as feeling the sand on our feet when walking to the water. Conclusively we can see that each sense enhances the others.

Skeletal Muscle Undergoes Repair and Regenaration Throughout

|21 | Coursework R: Mini-Review Topic Selected: Topic 2: â€Å"Skeletal muscle undergoes repair and regenaration throughout normal life. Write a review on the processes involved, emphasizing the role of satellite cells. † Muscle Cell Regeneration and the Impact of Ageing Introduction: Throughout normal life, skeletal muscles undergo repair and regeneration in response to injury through a process involving several sequential steps. A very important role in this regeneration is played by satellite cells, which are small mononuclear progenitor cells found in mature muscle tissues.In this review, we are going to explore the consequences of ageing in satellite cell numbers and their ability to maintain and preserve muscle tissue. Steps involved when skeletal muscle is damaged: The homeostatic process that allows muscle regeneration in response to an injury stimulus, involves four interrelated steps: degeneration, inflammation, regeneration and remodelling repair. When myofibers are damaged, extracellular calcium flows into the cell, initiating proteolysis, which causes necrosis.The necrosis of myofibers brings about an inflammatory response where neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate the injured site. Neutrophils are the first to arrive; they remove cell debris by releasing free radicals and proteases as well as secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate the arrival of macrophages. There two different classes of macrophages arriving at the injured site: M1 (expressing CD68) and M2 (expressing CD163). The M1 class is responsible for producing a high concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote further tissue inflammation.Arriving next, is the M2 class of macrophages that induce angiogenesis and tissue remodelling and repair, by activating stem cells. This phase of inflammation is critical to the muscle regeneration process. Experiments have shown that if the inflammation response is inhibited, then muscle repair cannot occur at all. Nev ertheless, there must be a balance between insufficient and excessive inflammation response. The regenerative phase is achieved by the activation, proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells that fuse together to form multinucleated myotubes.This is regulated by the presence of a number of growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and others. The final phase of the regenerative process is ‘remodelling and repair’ and it involves the remodelling of connective tissue, angiogenesis and functional recovery of the skeletal muscle. How does this happen? Well, once the muscle is injured, there is an excessive production of collagens that promote scar tissue to form.This is so-called fibrosis formation is activated by transforming growth factor-? 1 (TGF-? 1), which plays a major role in this cascade. This phase is over once the injured muscle has been replaced by a functional and contractile apparatus. Figure 1: [pic] F ig. 1 shows the steps involved for a satellite cell to form a myotube. (www. bioscience. org) The role of satellite cells: Satellite cells (identified using electron microscopy) are located under the basal lamina and are a type of muscle stem cells.They are present in muscle tissue in the quiescent form and can be activated by both physiological stimuli (such as extensive exercise), as well as pathological conditions (injury or degenerative disease). Their main function is to create a population of myoblasts that can fuse with each other or with other myofibers and differentiate, so as to repair muscle tissue. Both quiescent and active satellite cells express the transcription factor Pax-7 that is thought to drive transcription and maintain proliferation.Even though the role of Pax-7 is not completely understood, it is evident that without it, we would not have satellite cells. In fact, an experiment showed that mice lacking Pax-7, did not survive beyond 2 weeks. In addition, activa ted satellite cells express a protein called myogenic regulatory factor (MyoD), which is a crucial factor in regulating the differentiation of muscle cells. Impact of ageing in muscle degeneration: Hypothetically, even though the number of satellite cells decreases with age, the few cells remaining should be enough to initiate the regenerative mechanism.However, experiments have shown that the surrounding tissue and systemic environment to which the satellite cells were placed, were far more important factors for muscle regeneration than the number of cells present. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that old muscle tissue could be regenerated when it was placed in a young animal, but the opposite did not occur. Therefore, the hypothesis that the decrease in satellite cell numbers due to ageing was the major factor that affected regeneration was proved to be wrong. Figure 2: [pic] Fig. illustrates the difference between a normal myofiber and a regenerating myofiber. (www. bio science. org) Conclusion: All in all, sarcopenia alters the regeneration and repair of muscle, which can cause structural abnormalities. Ageing causes a dramatic decrease in satellite cell numbers and reduces their ability to repair damaged muscle. Even though young stem cells applied to aged or damaged skeletal muscle seem to be promising for therapeutic applications, we must gain a better understanding of satellite cell biology in order to use regenerative medicine to treat sarcopenia.Bibliography: Carosio, S. , Berardinelli, M. G. , Aucello, M. , Musaro, A. (2011) Ageing research reviews. Impact of ageing on muscle cell regeneration. 10: 35-42 Kierszenbaum, A. L. , (2007) Histology and cell biology: An introduction to pathology (2nd Ed. ). Philadelphia: Mosby. 7: 197-210 Crowe, J. , Brdashaw, T. (2010) Chemistry for the Biosciences. The essential concepts. (2nd Ed) Oxford University Press. 9(3): 270-272 Satellite Cells. [Online]. Available from: http://www. brown. edu/Courses/BI0 032/adltstem/sc. tm [Accessed 6 December 2011] Zammit, S. P. , et al (2006) Pax7 and myogenic progression in skeletal muscle satellite cells. [Online]. Available from: http://jcs. biologists. org/content/119/9/1824 [Accessed 7 December 2011] Seime, A. , Caron, A. Z. , Gremier, G. (2009) Frontiers in Biosciences:Advances in myogenic cell transplantation and skeletal muscle tissue engineering. [Online]. Available from: http://www. bioscience. org/2009/v14/af/3431/fulltext. asp? bframe=figures. htm&doi=yes [Accessed 7 December 2011] Word count: 747

Child Case Study

Child Case Study Physical Presence and Gesture: Brady is a boy who is 7 yrs. 3 months in age. For his age Brady appears to be large in size. He stands 4 ft. 6 inches tall and weighs 95 pounds. Next to his peers Brady stands out as he is in the 99th percentile for both height and weight. Brady is the oldest child of 4. Brady has short brown hair, big brown eyes, and a big smile. When Brady is smiling the gap in his front teeth is very noticeable as well as his dimples. When Brady is feeling mischievous he gets slightly cross-eyes but only for a brief moment.Brady has big ears and his right ear is missing cartilage causing it to fold over slightly. Brady has several freckles and a couple of tiny moles on his cheeks. Brady has a creamy white complexion but when frustrated becomes very red in the cheeks as well as on the tops of his ears. Brady’s head is very circular and seems a bit large for his body. Brady has what some might consider a flat face. He has a button nose, big chee ks, and very long, thick eyelashes. Brady is quite stalky with a little bit of chubbiness about him. Brady likes to fidget and is constantly moving.He likes to sway his arms, kick his feet, fidget with his fingers; he is constantly moving some body part. Disposition & Temperament Brady is diagnosed as having an anger disorder and ODD. Brady likes to talk a lot and is very inquisitive. Brady is also gifted/talented causing him to become bored easily if he is not challenged. Brady is easily angered and is often triggered to an anger outburst by simple rejections. Brady at times can be very loving and cuddly. Brady fears being alone and is scared to be in a room when nobody is present. Brady appears to have two sides to him.When Brady is not triggered by anger outbursts he is very friendly, kind, has a heart of gold, is helpful to others, likes to play with his friends & siblings, doesn’t seem so fearful of small everyday events and situations, and yet when he is experiencing an ger outbursts his anxiety level is extreme, he is harmful to himself/others, makes threats to kill people (has begun to tell them how he would kill them), states that he sees monsters/alligators, becomes extremely hot, and then when the outbursts are depleting he begins to feel sick to his stomach, coughs, and cries. Sometimes Brady feels remorse for his actions, but most likely not.Brady has been physical with his siblings/friends & mother. Brady has hit things (causing himself to break his pinky), smashed things, and threatened to run away. Brady takes medication for his outbursts but they don’t seem to be working. There are sometimes where these angry bouts disappear for a couple of weeks and then there are times where they happen several times throughout one day. Connections with other people Brady values his friendships that he does have and his relationships with teachers/authority. It takes a very long time for Brady to open up to others and trust is not something that Brady easily comes by.Brady likes to learn a lot about a person before he decides if they will be of value to him. Once Brady has developed close relationships he tends to try to purposely destroy these relationships by being hurtful to others. He says hurtful thing’s, he becomes cold and distant, and then becomes sad when the other person gets angry or upset with him. He doesn’t seem to want these relationships to end when all is considered. Brady is very funny. Brady likes to talk in different voices and enjoys making people laugh. Brady looks for reassurance when he says something funny.Brady loves to give hugs and kisses and loves to cuddle. Brady seems to become more engaged with peers much older than him. Brady began the current school year in first grade and was skipped to second. Brady did not build any friendships in his first grade class and only has a couple in his second grade class. Brady tends to attach to the older children in school between the fifth a nd sixth grade. Brady spends a great portion of his day out of the classroom and in the guidance office, this is where Brady has developed these friendships. Brady has two close friends who are both seven years of age.Brady spends time at their homes but not often as he prefers to have his friends over to his house. Brady likes to play video games with his friends, tag, and they enjoy making their own activities up. Brady has two younger brothers who are 4 & 5 and Brady doesn’t always choose to play with them. Brady is often annoyed and irritated by the noise that he brothers make and he does not enjoy playing using the imagination. Brady has a great relationship with his one year old sister and is a wonderful big brother. Only when Brady is in an anger outburst does he make mean comments about the baby.At times he calls her stupid baby, shut up baby, etc. He has not harmed his sister as he has his brothers. Brady is very attached to his mother and suffers a great deal of sep aration anxiety. Four days a month Brady goes to his father’s house with his five year old brother, step mother, and step brother (15). Brady does not have a close relationship with his real father as he is angry about the divorce and his father’s lack of presence in his life. Brady does not enjoy his step brother because he states that his step brother does not play with him or engage with him and his sibling.Brady is very close with his stepfather. Brady values his relationship with his stepfather and always seeks to spend time with him. Brady enjoys his stepfather’s sense of humor and they have a very close bond and mutual respect for each other. Brady enjoys helping his stepfather lift weights, work on vehicles, tinker with tools, and play video games or trucks together. Strong Interests & Preferences Brady’s main preference is to play with electronics. Brady enjoys playing his XBOX 360. There is much controversy between him and his mother about what games should be age appropriate.As he is 7 but is much more mature for his age, his mother allows him to play games that may not seem appropriate. Brady likes to play war games, shooting games, and some strategy games. He also enjoys playing with the laptop and talking with friends through instant message and texting. The activities that Brady prefers are for the teenage years and he gets upset when he is told this. There are some times where he will become engaged in a game with his brother around the house of hide & seek, tag, board games, etc. but that is generally when he is told that he can’t have electronics.He enjoys playing board games such as Monopoly, Chess, Yahtzee, and Memory. He is very inquisitive when it comes to learning new games and likes to play until he has mastered the game. Brady participates in Border Hoop. He enjoys playing basketball and when weather permits spends most of his time practicing at home. He likes to play basketball with his stepfather an d learn new techniques. He asks a lot of questions, pays very close attention to body movement, and continuously practices new techniques until he has them down. This year will be Brady’s first attempt at soccer.Modes of Thinking & Learning Brady is a very hand’s on learner. He enjoys learning new math problems, new spelling words, and new ways to solve problems. When Brady becomes intrigues by a new subject he likes to fully research that subject until he knows the ins and outs. He is very thorough in his learning technique and quickly finds shortcuts to solving problems. He enjoys learning big numbers using the calculator and asks people to give him hard problems. Brady learns a lot by asking a lot of questions. Generally one answer to a question leads to long conversations.He loves to hear of others experiences and later will recap the story to someone else pretending that it was him who experienced it. He fully applies himself to written work and is far ahead of hi s age group. Brady’s school was very impressed by his IQ score and other academic scores. Brady spends about an hour each week with his schools gifted/talented teacher. Brady’s mom does not think that this is enough time and thinks that it should be more time. With Brady lacking in the social area, too much time out of the regular classroom would not be beneficial for his education.Brady has been told many times by his teachers and administrators that he is very smart and so he is afraid to fail. He approaches challenges by avoiding them. When he begins to struggle with something academically he will not seek help as he feels as though he has not met the expectations of those who think he is extremely smart. He is beginning to learn that the point of education is to struggle so that he can learn. He has had to be explained to him that if he wasn’t struggling in any area then he would know everything and wouldn’t need to be educated. That would be no fun, and that challenges are always a great thing.

Child Development Journal Article Review and Discussion Essay

Child Development Journal Article Review and Discussion - Essay Example This means whatever had been effective for a toddler might not work anymore when he is a teenager because his needs constantly change. For example, being a weekend parent from the time his child was a preschooler all the way up to being an adolescent may be a routine that provides a comfortable rhythm to a father. However, there are times when a child might need him more, especially if the child is a growing boy who needs a male role model in his growing up years. With this knowledge, parents and legal practitioners must make better decisions in designing a parenting plan for the children. This particular article by Hartson (2010) focuses on the infancy to toddlerhood stage of development of a child. Each developmental stage comes with its own challenges. The infancy to toddlerhood stage is a critical since an infant is a fully dependent being who cannot communicate his thoughts and feelings on how his parents’ separation affects him. Parents need to rely on his cues and research from child development studies to understand what he needs. Infants and toddlers, in particular, are yet in the process of establishing attachments to the significant people in their lives and when this is disrupted, may have serious implications in the development of their personality. An important factor to consider is the infant’s temperament since this gives a clear indication of how a parent should deal with him so they get along well. Some children may easily transition from relating to one parent to the other, some may be more difficult, and some may just be slow to warm up. The parent has his or her own temperament to reckon with, and the compatibility of the parent-child temperaments would constitute Chess & Thomas’ (1987) â€Å"goodness of fit† factor. In order to have a harmonious relationship, parents need to be able to adjust to their infant or toddler’s temperament. The child’s concept of time,

Correspond the model of the Catholic Church as servant with the Essay

Correspond the model of the Catholic Church as servant with the Pastoral Constitutions of the Catholic Church (namely Pastoral Constitution on the Church in t - Essay Example However, taken by itself As Dulles explained, not any one of the five models, by itself, can represent the totality of Church history and praxis5. What may seem to be the dominant model or models of the Church may even prove to be inadequate in a time of sudden and earth-shaking changes, and need further elaboration as images of the Church. New models may even arise as the Church perseveres in using insights from the Gospel and its own praxis in adjusting to such changes and challenges. More than 40 years have passed since the Gaudium et Spes (Church and the Modern World) laid the basis for the Church as Servant, a model that has shaped and still has a significant impact on both the Church itself and the total human community. Today we can glimpse at least part of the outcome of the Church's decision to update and renew Vatican II was an unparalleled event and development in the two-millenium history of the Church. From 1962-1965, the Vatican II Council embodied and encouraged the spirit of renewal and openness to change, within the framework of basic truths revealed by Christ in the gospel. For the first time the Church bishops, including the Bishop of Rome, Pope John XXIII and upon his death, Pope Paul VI, focused their considerable collective energy and experience to examining the state of humanity. The Vatican Council recognized and praised the many achievements of humanity in the field of economics, politics and culture. But it also pointed to the unfulfilled search of many individuals for their origin, life purpose and goal, encompassing not only the Church as Servant 5 temporal but also the realm of spiritual life. The Council also lamented the fact that while human society has achieved so much, still millions remained poor.6 Following the example of Christ, who devoted himself to ministering to both body and spirit, the Vatican Council laid the basis for the Servant Church that has continued to travel along this road up to the present. The force behind Vatican II, Pope John XXIII, wrote the great encyclical Pacem in Terris.7 It was groundbreaking in 1963 and still valid almost 45 years later. The people's pope provided a definition of the rights and duties of human beings as well as human institutions such as governments. It contained an affirmation of women's equality and role in society, a "strong insistence on racial equality," and the inclusion of freedom along with truth, justice and charity as the bases of peace in the world. 8 Has the Servant Church upheld Pope John XXIII's statement on human rights, striking for its "generosity, breadth and contemporaneity" then and still so at present Church as Servant

ANALYSING A SPREADSHEET AND PRESENTING A BUSINESS REPORT Case Study

ANALYSING A SPREADSHEET AND PRESENTING A BUSINESS REPORT - Case Study Example From the reference data provided by the business, there are 4 types of fruit juices that are available for sale. Each type of juice has two variances in size, one in 375ml and another in 750ml. According to the sales calculations presented in the spreadsheet charts, the fruit juices differ in the number of sales they attract. The variance could be mainly due to, popularity of a type of fruit juice among buyers or the price per carton for each. However, various factors may apply depending on the market of operation for the business. By comparing the pivot table charts against the sales calculations over the five weeks, orange and mandarin are seen to have higher sales. As the weeks progress, sales for the two types of fruit juices are seen to project further than the other two. This shows that mobile app based marketing was more acceptable as compared to emails and or texts. Unlike the emails or texts, the mobile apps presented more benefits to the retailers buying the fruit juices. That is, a retailer would be able to plan a reminder, place an order and track customer orders right from their smartphones. Emails and texts, on the other hand, would only serve the purpose of acting as reminders. If not spread out proportionally, the emails and text messages would easily become nagging and stubborn to the retail buyers. From the charts, the buyers would prefer being reminded through a smartphone mobile app. In the fourth week marketing strategy, a two-for-one strategy was introduced on mandarin fruit juice. From the pivot table, the sales for the mandarin fruit juice are seen to consistently increase from the second week: Little change is seen on the sales at the fourth or fifth week. A further look at the sales for mandarin juice reveals that, though the product made more sales that apple and grapefruit juice, it was selling below par. That is, the two-for-one policy did not impact the sales upwards as would be expected. Reason

The reference list for my dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The reference list for my dissertation - Essay Example [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK "http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/investor-relations/basf-in-brief/verbund/index" http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/investor-relations/basf-in-brief/verbund/index [Accessed 25 July 2011]. Bloomberg, 2011. Galleon, Barclays, Primary Global, SAP-Oracle in Court News. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK "http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-14/galleon-barclays-primary-global-sap-oracle-in-court-news.html" http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-14/galleon-barclays-primary-global-sap-oracle-in-court-news.html [Accessed 3 August 2011]. BLS, 2011. Employment situation summary: Table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK "http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.a.htm" http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.a.htm [Accessed 24 November 2011]. Bornhorst, F., 2010. IMF Working Paper: A status update on fiscal exit strategies. [Online] IMF Available at: HYPERLINK "http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2010/wp10272.pdf" http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2010/wp10272.pdf [Accessed 9 October 2011]. Cronje, C., 2011. Rising Demand for Polymer and Plastics to Boost South African Chemicals Industry, Reveals Frost & Sullivan, Frost & Sullivan. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK "http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/press-release.pag?Src=RSS&docid=223480314" http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/press-release.pag?Src=RSS&docid=223480314 [Accessed 15 July 2011]. Datamonitor, 2011 a. Global Chemical Manufacturing, Industry profile. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK "http://360.datamonitor.com/Product?pid=7292829E-580A-451B-A14C-C1F665004379" http://360.datamonitor.com/Product?pid=7292829E-580A-451B-A14C-C1F665004379 [Accessed 15 August 2011]. Datamonitor, 2011 b. Chemical Manufacturing in Asia-Pacific, Industry profile. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK "http://360.datamonitor.com/Product?pid=FC328F7C-A445-40F0-AEA9-34E93E87BD77"

Data Warehouse Design and Implementation Research Paper

Data Warehouse Design and Implementation - Research Paper Example Additionally, the online analytical processing systems offer a technique to produce ad-hoc queries beside the data-warehouse in an attempt to respond to significant business questions. In the same way, data mining offers a wide variety of techniques and algorithms for finding knowledge in a huge bulk of corporate data. In addition, in order to develop a data warehouse system, we need to put into operation a reliable technology structure where corporate operational data can be managed effectively with real and enterprise-wide aspects and to get into reorganization of a handful application policies to offer a high quality system. However, the implementation and design of a data warehouse system has occasionally been a very big challenge in theory as well as in practice (Charles, 2010; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005; Olamendy, 2010). This paper discusses some of the important aspects related to the design and implementation of a data warehouse system. The basic purpose of thi s research is to investigate some of the important aspects such as theories, initiatives, models and techniques for better and improved data warehouse system design and implementations. Introduction A data warehouse is normally recognized as an integrated and time-varying set of information and data that is basically used for strategic decision making through OLAP (online analytical processing) methods. ... this perspective, however hardly any technique exists to date for applying similar methods from an operational database (Charles, 2010; Husemann, Lechtenborger, & Vossen, 2000; Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Inmon, 2002). Without a doubt, there are many standards and methods to implement and design a relational data model for a business system which are flexible to design and implement data warehouse technology based modeling, however they cannot be employed as a natural method, consequently data warehouse development modeling is novel regulation that is improving with the passage of time. Basically, the starting point for the design and development of the data-warehouse environment is the data model. In absence data model, the implementation of a data warehouse is almost impossible. In this scenario, the data model works like a roadmap for technology based system development (Charles, 2010; Husemann, Lechtenborger, & Vossen, 2000; Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Inmon, 2002). Moreover, in order to d evelop a data warehouse system, we need to form a reliable technology based environment where organization’s operational data will be maintained effectively in an enterprise and integrated view and to get into recognition a handful accomplishment policy to offer a high quality system. However, the implementation and design of a data warehouse system frequently is a very complex issue in theory as well as practice (Charles, 2010). This paper will present a detailed analysis of data warehouse design and implementation. This research will cover some of the major aspects that need to be considered while designing implementing models of the data warehouse. Data Warehouse Design This section discusses some of the approaches and methods those can be adopted for the data warehouse design which

English 311 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

English 311 - Essay Example There is a wide body of knowledge that addresses various aspects of the issue including causation, prevalence, effects and treatment. Thus, there would be no need for primary research. Alzheimer's disease has for long been associated with old age, particularly age 65 and above. However, it has also been reported to affect teenagers. It affects those with family histories of the disease and those people with diabetes mellitus, elevated levels of plasma homocysteine, cardiovascular diseases, depression, low educational achievement, lack of social interaction, lack of intellectual activity, lack of leisure activities and excessive response to stress. The ethical consideration of care dictates the standards of care that should be given to the people with whom the caregiver has concrete relationships. Alzheimer's disease affects people closely related to the caregiver and should therefore be accorded the deserved care. The following is the definition of Alzheimer's disease using cause-eff ect organizational pattern: Causes of Alzheimer's disease Biological factors Environmental factors Psychological factors Effects of Alzheimer's disease Negative behavioral changes Negative health effects Death Use of medicinal therapy and psychotherapy for treatment As noted by Geldmacher (2012), if Alzheimer's disease is not treated or treated in time, the plaques and tangles spread in the brain leading to death. Therefore, Alzheimer's disease is a dementia that causes problems in memory, behavior and thinking. Paper 2: Alzheimer’s Disease 1. What is Alzheimer’s Disease? Dementia is a terminology used in describing various kinds of brain disorders which progressively result in the loss of brain function. People affected by dementia particularly suffer from the problem of short-memory. Thus, such people consistently forget what they have just done but clearly recall what happened several years back. They typically lose the sense of place and time. Furthermore, they fac e challenges finding words and find it increasingly difficult to do new things or learn new information. With the passage of time, these people would need to be assisted in doing their daily activities such as eating, dressing and washing. Ultimately, they could become incontinent and uncommunicative. Dementias would often last for many years, even 20, and would usually not be the actual cause of death. There are more than 100 varied types of dementia (Alzheimer’s Association, 2013). The most commonly occurring type of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease. According to Alzheimer’s Association (2013), Alzheimer’s disease accounts for about 50% of all dementia cases, while Geldmacher (2012) further indicates that if this is combined with the clinical diagnosis of its occurrence with other diseases, it would account for 90%. Hence, it is common to find people referring to the disease as dementia. More than 5 million people in the US suffer from the disease, causi ng a financial burden of about $ 170 billion every year caring for these patients. By the year 2050, the number of those affected in the US could rise up to 13 million, the growth largely attributed to the growth in the number of the aging population. Alzheimer’s disease is therefore a type of dementia known to cause problems in memory, behavior and thinking. It got its name after a German neurologist, Dr. Alois Alzheimer (1864 –

AICP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AICP - Research Paper Example An organization like American Society of CPAs relies so much on internal auditors. Such auditors need to apply and uphold the ethical principles such as integrity to give a basis on reliance on their judgment. Secondly, they need to observe objectivity that makes them not to be led by their interest but the truth. Confidentiality and competency are another lot that need to be observed. The most important aspect of ethical principles is their consistency maintenance, implementation, and determination of their effectiveness to an institution such as American Society of CPAs (Braxton, 2012). The maintenance of ethical code of professional conduct is the most important in making sense of the codes to the institution. The maintenance is due to ever changing conducts of the professionals working to an institution. It ensures that the most current code of ethics is consistent with demand of the institution. To fulfill the maintenance of code of ethics, surveillance need to be done continuously on the auditors behavior to note on any aspect that may compromise the professionalism of auditing. An institution like American Society of CPAs need to update the code of ethics now and then as the demand arises (Cascarino, 2007). According to Braxton (2012), the presence of sound code of ethics in any institution without implementation is as good as not having one. In that light, the implementation now brings the essence of the code of ethics. The implementation comes with changes that the code of ethics is made to fulfill. For an organization such as American society of CPAs to implement the code of ethics, it has to come up with institutional policies that will safe guide the interest of the code of ethics. If any auditor goes against the policy of observing the code of ethic then disciplinary action should be taken. It is only through institutionalization of policies that will ensure the code of ethics is

Richter case - Infrastructure Essay Example for Free

Richter case Infrastructure Essay Looking at the current (2007) IT governance of Richter, Szà ¼cs is the IT director and is working together with around 50 people in the head department in Hungary. Those 50 people are focusing on four different areas: â€Å"IT operations (12), procurement and service (15), SAP support (12), IT strategy and projects (4)† (Mitchell et al., 2007). Altogether they develop a strategic plan which is expected to support the business processes at Richter. However, a plan is not very flexible since it first has to be approved by the CFO of Richter and then still has to be agreed on by the senior management. This process though takes place only once a year, namely each year in June. But there is not only the headquarter of Richter in Hungary but different affiliates all over the world (e.g. Poland, India, Russia, Romania). Those affiliates have their own IT departments and IT directors. Major important infrastructure/IT decisions and decisions regarding the SAP modules have to be coordinated and discussed with Szà ¼cs and the head office in Hungary. If the affiliates develop a plan they have to present them like Szà ¼cs but to their respective CEOs. This structure shows the level of importance of IT to Richter and has some strengths as well as weaknesses. As mentioned above IT has more of a supporting role for Richter’s business processes and there are IT directors who develop plans with a team of different specialists but cannot implement them by themselves. Looking at Broadbent and Weill (1997), Richter has a dependent infrastructure view. Their IT as a percent of expenses are around the average relative to its competitors and they also want to achieve cost savings but still be relatively flexible. This has the advantage of staying competitive without that much risk. Due to top management requiring to approve the plans developed by the IT director they can evaluate the cost and risk exactly. However, since top management might not have the best IT knowledge it could happen that they do not approve a plan because they think it is too expensive and risky. But if they would have enough IT understanding they might see the value this plan will add to the company. Also, the meetings are just once a year which let them lose some flexibility. Another infrastructure view is the enabling view. Having this view, Richter would have much higher IT expenses and their IT infrastructure would always  be on the edge. This view has its strengths and weaknesses as well: They would be a lot more flexible and management of IT would probably be different. The IT directors would not have to get approval by the CFO and top management but rather work together with them looking for opportunities to be innovative and get a competitive advantage for some time. This view has its downsides, though: Investing much money and being the first to invest in something new is always connected with a lot of risk. Also, if the affiliates would be allowed to decide everything on their own failures might be discovered too late and increase the loss. Yet, another view is the utility view with which the firm has low IT expenses and focuses on cost savings. IT is clearly used as a supporting tool. The IT director (if there even is one) gets told what is needed and just tries to find the most cost-saving solution. The firm has low risk since it does not invest much money but is not very innovative and maybe loses some profits because it probably imitates competitors later on.

Fossils Nurse Essay Example for Free

Fossils Nurse Essay A fossil is the prehistoric remains of a plant or an animal. Fossils are usually are kept at their best when they are buried under many layers of sand and mud. Under the great pressure from the ground, the sand and the mud become sedimentary rock. The minerals combine forming a mould of the plant or animal under the ground. A fossil can be a trace fossil or a body fossil. A body fossil is what actual organic material from a creature or plant (like a bone). Trace fossils are signs of plants and animal activity that have been preserved in rock. For example, dinosaur tracks, trails and dung are all trace fossils. A body fossil is usually composed of bones of an animal. Preservation of the â€Å"soft† tissue of a body is rare especially over long periods of time. Most body fossils are made when an animal dies and falls, or is washed into a steam, and is covered with mud. In a few cases, though, fossils have been preserved by freezing (as with mammoths in Siberia and Alaska) or when the animals have become stuck and died in a tar pit (such as the famous La Brea tar pit near Los Angeles, California). Sometimes a fossil is the result of a volcanic eruption. Ash and mud from the volcano can cover animals and plants killing them at the same time. Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. It is also the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. An important part of geology is the study of how Earths materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time. Fossils are linked to geology because, it is the study on how the world has build up over the years and fossils are animals and plants from over the years. They have changed over time because they have become smaller and form in different ways like freezing and volcanic eruptions. Over the years fossils have told us about life forms we had no idea about and is proved with the fossils or bones we have today in museums. This is how fossils are linked to geology.

Reverend Martin Luther King Jr

Reverend Martin Luther King Jr German sociologist Max Weber (1968) made the first argument of charismatic leadership that a leader with charisma is able to convince people. He believed that the leadership of charismatic individuals with exceptional quality can size up the situation immediately and lead to a very profound influence on his subordinates. Moreover, charisma is an encouraging factor that leaders are available with the nature of interpersonal attraction, including personality, ability, experience and frustrations. Therefore, this essay is going to discuss the importance of charismatic leadership in two following aspects. The relationship between leaders and followers Jay (1998) noted that leaders charisma is a contagious indictor to help his follows. When a leader is considered to be very attractive, then their subordinates are more willing to take the leaders proposals to work. According to him, charismatic leadership often set an example for their employees in order to lead or influence them, which could disseminate the values and varied expectations according to their own action. Furthermore, Jean (2005) supported an example of how Reverend Martin Luther King Jr affected his followers can demonstrate the importance of charismatic leadership. On 1 December, 1955, Alabama in the United States, a black woman named Rosa Parker refused to obey an order form a bus driver who asked her to give her seat to a white passenger. Then the driver called the police, who arrested her for breaking the bus segregation laws. When the black community heard about that, they were engaged. Already some black people were collecting weapons to fight against whites. Th is matter raised Reverend Martin Luther King Jrs attention; he thought that violence was not the answer and the situation must be corrected. After that, King called a meeting at his church and appealed a mass movement to carry out bus boycott. While the boycott continued, the black leader encouraged his congregation to keep up their struggle and emphasized the need for non-violent action. Finally, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was unconstitutional. Martin Luther King had played a leading role in the victorious Montgomery bus boycott for civil right. His talent and morality were deeply attracted by the majority of black supports, which made him become a charismatic leader in democratic rights movement. However, Edwin (2008) opposed that charismatic leadership can be a curse so that a leader charisma not always brings the benefit to followers. In his opinion, abusing charismatic leadership may bring a danger or risk to the organization, because it can be not only used for destructive purposes, but also it might be utilized for private purposes, which would result in deception, manipulation and exploitation of others.Leaders want their followers to share the same beliefs and values, which are strong models to employees. If their advocated beliefs and values are not correct, charismatic leadership would take followers into a wrong way, which may cause a disastrous consequence. In Hans (2000) research, Hitler accepted the idea of Benito Mussolini, who was the founder of Fascist Nazism. There were a lot of followers because of his attractive leadership during the World War 2. But he advocated using coercive power of fascist Nazism and guide people toward an extreme misfortune. Perspective of charismatic leadership    Andrew (2009) deemed that charismatic leadership helps entrepreneurs to strengthen and improve their leadership effectiveness.The charisma of a leader on the facet of interpersonal skills can bring big advantages for many reasons. In the first place, employees tend to seek charismatic leaders who they believe. Secondly, people perhaps are always influenced by the personal charm on their leaders because they feel that it will enhance their self-confidence and self-esteem which can produce a pleasurable sensation. Finally, staff wished to work for glamorous leaders who may stimulate their enthusiasm. Another case of Martin Luther King is that his speech of I have a dream deeply motivated black people fighting for civil rights and freedom. On the contrary, Martin (2005) argued that the external environment and situation has undergone tremendous changes, adverse psychological characteristics and values, which have not been expressed before, may happen on charismatic leaders. In another word, their original psychological tendencies have been suppressed due to the growth and expansion of external and inherent constraints. Consequently,various emotions complacency would expand on charismatic leadership in an organization after succeed in hard works. In order to seek compensation after hard works, leaders might often seek some illegal and immoral businesses as a spiritual compensation so that they seize the wealth and pleasure in irregular ways. There are also some leaders losing initiative and enjoying material life after success.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Tudor and Murray (2006) pointed out that the charismatic leadership also exist dark sides in the organizational management, such as mismanagement in the network of members relationships (especially the staff in grassroots level and managers in supervisory level). Sometimes, leadership transition does not follow the usual practice, which may reflect on a phenomenon that organizational members misunderstand the leaders intent. Besides, charismatic leadership may result in alienation between leaders and employees in an organization. Leaders charisma might be formed a strong leadership and management style so that there would be an opposition among in-group and outside-groups members of the organization, even though the organization is in a tantamount splitting situation. Meanwhile, momentum that may be ascribed in leader charisma did not produce agreement in organizational members who are accustomed working in the traditional slow pace. Consequently, it is a negative effect that they deal with their managers courteously but without sincerity. These actions will certainly have a negative impact on employee performance. Conclusion In short, the charismatic leadership could process a strong charisma in both positive and negative sides. Therefore, grasping the dialectical relationship of charismatic leadership can play a positive role even if there would be some negative effects. Charismatic leaders, who experienced in the formation of overall quality, will have a profound emotional impact on their follows. Subordinates even treat them as an epic hero or model figure so that charismatic leaders should have great power, self-confidence, power, beliefs and moral steadfastness. Furthermore, they are good at setting up ambitious objectives and being examples of their own to express their belief and values in an organization. Bibliography Weber, M. (1968) On charisma and institution building: selected papers, Chicago:University of Chicago Press Conger, J (1998) Charismatic leadership in organizations, USA: SAGE publications, p 20 Darby, J. (2005) Martin Luther King Jr, USA: Lerner Publications Company, pp 24-48 Hollander, E (2008) Inclusive Leadership: The Essential Leader-Follower Relationship, United States of America: Taylor Francis Group, p 88 Slomp, H (2000) European politics into the twenty-first century: integration and division, USA: Praeger Publishers, pp 9-10 Dubrin, A (2009) Leadership: Research Findings, Practice and Skills, 6th edition, USA: South-Western, pp 92 Wood, M (2005) The Fallacy of Misplaced Leadership, Journal of Management Studies [J], 42:6(2005), pp1102-1112 Rickards,T. and Clark, M (2006) Dilemmas of Leadership, United Kingdom: British Library, pp 88-90

Abortion - Man Cant Be Rightly Disposed of by Man :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Abortion - Man Can't Be Rightly Disposed of by Man       Temporal life lived in this world is not identified with the person. The person possesses as his own a level of life that is more profound and that cannot end. Bodily life is a fundamental good, here below it is the condition for all other goods. But there are higher values for which it could be legitimate or even necessary to be willing to expose oneself to the risk of losing bodily life. In a society of persons the common good is for each individual an end which he must serve and to which he must subordinate his particular interest. But it is not his last end and, from this point of view, it is society which is at the service of the person, because the person will not fulfill his destiny except in God. The person can be definitively subordinated only to God. Man can never be treated simply as a means to be disposed of in order to obtain a higher end.    In regard to the mutual rights and duties of the person and of society, it belongs to moral teaching to enlighten consciences; it belongs to the law to specify and organize external behavior. There is precisely a certain number of rights which society is not in a position to grant since these rights precede society; but society has the function to preserve and to enforce them. These are the greater part of those which are today called "human rights" and which our age boasts of having formulated.    The first right of the human person is his life. He has other goods and some are more precious, but this one is fundamental-- the condition of all the others. Hence it must be protected above all others. It does not belong to society, nor does it belong to public authority in any form to recognize this right for some and not for others: all discrimination is evil, whether it be founded on race, sex, color or religion. It is not recognition by another that constitutes this right. This right is antecedent to its recognition; it demands recognition and it is strictly unjust to refuse it.    Any discrimination based on the various stages of life is no more justified than any other discrimination. The right to life remains complete in an old person, even one greatly weakened; it is not lost by one who is incurably sick.

Jetstar Essay -- essays research papers

Article Title: â€Å"Jetstar to enter Tasman dogfight† Source: The Australian OVERVIEW The article by Creedy looks at the newly announced expansion of Jetstar Airline services from its current domestic Australian flight service to its penetration of the trans-Tasman market. Jetstar’s original purpose was to provide Qantas (Same Ownership) a cost-effective alternative for the provision of domestic flights around Australia while also giving customers a cheaper and somewhat â€Å"no frills† option when flying locally. The article outlines the considerations and specifications that Qantas and thus Jetstar have undertaken in order to accomplish its â€Å"first foray overseas† as part of its â€Å"segmentation strategy†. Jetstar’s expansive venture is then obviously significant and relevant to the study of international business’s (any business transaction which involves a cross-border commercial transaction) and the goals and barriers achieved and endured. WHY THE ARTICLE IS SIGNIFICANT TO IB Subsidies The article suggests that Qantas may draw upon subsidy advantages granted by the Australian government through the all-economy â€Å"Australian Airlines† subsidiary in order to help the expansion of Jetstar on â€Å"low-yielding routes†. The government’s efforts to promote international trade and investment as well as Qantas’s new enterprise agreements with Australian flight attendants will allow Jetstar’s â€Å"Cairns-based subsidiary to use new aircrafts, hire foreign crews and fly further†. This p...

Jeffrey Dahmer :: essays research papers

Jeffrey Dahmer was born May 21st, 1960, the first child for Lionel and Joyce Dahmer, after a difficult pregnancy that had Joyce on various prescription drugs. Jeff and his little brother David were raised in Bath Township, Ohio. Unlike many other killers, Jeffreys parents were not abusive. Joyce had some relatively mild psychological problems, but Lionel tried to be as loving a father as possible, struggling to reach his quiet and isolated son. As a small child, Jeff seemed happy enough, playing with his dog or riding his bike, but was fascinated with death. When Lionel removed some animal bones from under the porch, the remains of small creatures killed by small local predators, Jeff seemed quite pleased by the sound they made dropping back into the bucket. His father dismissed it as childhood curiosity. Jeff was the class clown, known for doing things as ridiculous as faking seizures for laughs. In fact, he was lonely and isolated in school, with few friends. By high school, he was a full-blown alcoholic, drinking before, after, and even during class. When his parents divorced, his father was the one to move out of the house. When Jeff was 18, Joyce took David and left. Jeffrey was alone in the house with little food and a broken refrigerator until his father and his new wife found out about the situation and moved into the house. Trying to help his son, Lionel assisted Jeffrey get into the University of Ohio. But it was already too lateJeff Dahmer made his first killing at age 17, when he picked up a hitchhiker , brought him home, murdered him, and scattered the bone fragments in the woods behind the Dahmer home. When Jeff flunked out of college, a desperate Lionel took him to enlist in the army. The ever docile Jeffrey went along with his fathers wishes as if he had no opinion of his own. Alcohol got the young Dahmer discharged from the army while he was stationed in Germany. He went to Florida, and tried to get a job. When his money ran out, and he had nothing to fall back on, Jeff called his father. Jeffrey was told that, no, he couldnt have any money, but he could have a plane ticket home. Jeffrey was sent to Wisconsin to stay with his grandmother. Things went well for a while, until Lionel got a call from his mother reporting a strange smell coming from the garage. Jeffrey Dahmer :: essays research papers Jeffrey Dahmer was born May 21st, 1960, the first child for Lionel and Joyce Dahmer, after a difficult pregnancy that had Joyce on various prescription drugs. Jeff and his little brother David were raised in Bath Township, Ohio. Unlike many other killers, Jeffreys parents were not abusive. Joyce had some relatively mild psychological problems, but Lionel tried to be as loving a father as possible, struggling to reach his quiet and isolated son. As a small child, Jeff seemed happy enough, playing with his dog or riding his bike, but was fascinated with death. When Lionel removed some animal bones from under the porch, the remains of small creatures killed by small local predators, Jeff seemed quite pleased by the sound they made dropping back into the bucket. His father dismissed it as childhood curiosity. Jeff was the class clown, known for doing things as ridiculous as faking seizures for laughs. In fact, he was lonely and isolated in school, with few friends. By high school, he was a full-blown alcoholic, drinking before, after, and even during class. When his parents divorced, his father was the one to move out of the house. When Jeff was 18, Joyce took David and left. Jeffrey was alone in the house with little food and a broken refrigerator until his father and his new wife found out about the situation and moved into the house. Trying to help his son, Lionel assisted Jeffrey get into the University of Ohio. But it was already too lateJeff Dahmer made his first killing at age 17, when he picked up a hitchhiker , brought him home, murdered him, and scattered the bone fragments in the woods behind the Dahmer home. When Jeff flunked out of college, a desperate Lionel took him to enlist in the army. The ever docile Jeffrey went along with his fathers wishes as if he had no opinion of his own. Alcohol got the young Dahmer discharged from the army while he was stationed in Germany. He went to Florida, and tried to get a job. When his money ran out, and he had nothing to fall back on, Jeff called his father. Jeffrey was told that, no, he couldnt have any money, but he could have a plane ticket home. Jeffrey was sent to Wisconsin to stay with his grandmother. Things went well for a while, until Lionel got a call from his mother reporting a strange smell coming from the garage.

Does advertising help or harm us? Essay

Advertisements are a great way to make people aware of products, issues, and more, But advertising become a problem to society. It gets us to spend all kinds of money on products and things that we really do not need. First, Advertising is harmful to the mental health of the majority of population across the world because it puts teenagers and children especially in doubt of their worth and beauty. For example, there are so many advertisements out there showing â€Å"perfect† woman, and this just makes young girls feel badly about themselves. It’s like telling them that they have to buy products to look pretty or smart and to be able to being accepted in society. So, this can lead to bigger issues. Second , Advertisements are everywhere people go. It’s nearly impossible to go anywhere without seeing an advertisement because the sheer volume of advertising in our society is incredible. for instance , You cannot watch television, ride on a bus or even walk down the street without someone trying to sell you something or inform you of something. People do not like so much of advertising in their lives. It sets their minds buzzing what to buy and what not to buy. Advertising is an exploitative tool, No one really needs any of the items on sale and it takes away the real sense of choice. Due to these reasons I feel ads is harmful. So, Take a stand and don’t let advertising harm your life.

Appearance of Pre-Hispanic Filipinos Essay

The natives of the Philippine islands already wore different types of clothing and ornaments before the arrival of Spanish colonizers. The men usually wore short-sleeved, collarless jackets that reached just below the waste. The jackets were also symbols of their status in the community. The chief usually wore red, for example. The bahag was worn for the lower part. It is a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist which passes between the things, leaving the thighs and legs exposed. A head gear or a putong is a piece of cloth wrapped around the head. This is also important like the color of the jacket. A red putong meant that the wearer has already gone to war and killed an enemy. An embroidered putong meant that the wearer has killed at least seven enemies. Adornments such as necklaces, armlets or kalombiga, anklets, earrings and rings were also worn. These were usually made of gold and other precious stones. Women also wore sleeved jackets called baro and skirts called saya or patadyong. Women fancied wearing ornaments as well such as gem-studded bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and rings. Tattoos Tattoos played an important part in the appearance of pre-Hispanic Filipinos both for the men and women. Tattoos were considered to be the equivalent of medals, one had to work for and earn it. The more tattoos a person had, the more impressive was his or her war record. The Visayas was known to be the Islas del Pintados or Islands of the Painted People because it was the there that the early Spanish colonizers observed very tattooed people and Spanish writers referred to them as the pintados, meaning â€Å"painted†.

Managing Change in Organisation Essay

Today, teams and organizations face rapid change like never before. Globalization has increased the markets and opportunities for more growth and revenue. However, increasingly diverse markets have a wide variety of needs and expectations that must be understood if they are to become strong customers and collaborators. The ability to manage change in an organisation, while continuing to meet the needs of stakeholders, is a very important skill required by today’s leaders and managers. Organizational change is undertaken to improve the performance of the organization or a part of the organization, for example, a process or team. When an organizational system is disturbed by some internal or external force, the change may occur. The change is modification of the structure or process of a system that may be positive or negative. It disturbs the existing equilibrium or status quo in an organization and may affect the whole organization, or various other parts of the organization i n varying degrees of speed and significance. It may affect people, structure, technology, and other elements of an organization. It may be reactive or proactive in nature. When change takes place due to external forces, it is called reactive change. However, proactive change is initiated by the management on its own to enhance the organizational effectiveness. The change is one of the most critical aspects of effective management. Organizational change is the process by which organizations move from their present state to some desired future state to increase their effectiveness. The goal of planned organizational change is to find new or improved ways of using resources and capabilities in order to increase an organization’s ability to create value and improve returns to its stakeholders. An organization in decline may need to restructure its resources to improve its fit with the environment. According to Ackerman (1997) organisational change can be distinguished in three types, namely, developmental change, transitional change and transformational change. Developmental change refers to organisational change in which what already exists is continually improved but no radical progress is achieved or aimed at. Transitional change is a shift in the way a process is completed or designed to increase efficiency. A transitional change could involve the automation of a manufacturing process that was once done by hand. Transformational change refers to a shift in the business culture of an organisation resulting from a change in the underlying strategy and processes that the organisation has used in the past. A transformational change is designed to be organisation-wide and is enacted over a period of time. Significant organizational change occurs, for example, when an organization changes its overall strategy for success, adds or removes a major section or practice, and/or wants to change the very nature by which it operates. It also occurs when an organization evolves through various life cycles, just like people must successfully evolve through life cycles. For organizations to develop, they often must undergo significant change at various points in their development. That’s why the topic of organizational change and development has become widespread in communications about business, organizations, leadership and management. Leaders and managers continually make efforts to accomplish successful and significant change as it’s inherent in their jobs. Some are very good at this effort (probably more than we realize), while others continually struggle and fail. That’s often the difference between people who thrive in their roles and those that get shuttled around from job to job, ultimately settling into a role where they’re frustrated and ineffective. In this paper, it will be explained how the Digicel Corporation has converted from the traditional model to a transformed organizational model over the last five years. Digicel Corporation ia a telecommunication based company who provides land line, internet services, sale of handsets, credit for pay as you go customers, contract accounts, sale of tablets, etc. Digicel opened its very first store in 2001 by Irishman Denis O’brian. Digicel has transformed from a company into the region’s largest telephone corporations, leading in sales year after year. One of Denis O’brian techniques for change is technological changes. By the 2000’s the organisation had been so successful and had more increasing growth than any other telecommunication companies in the Eastern Caribbean region resulting in the purchase of AT&T in St. Lucia. Digicel provides consumers with low prices under the slogan â€Å"The Bigger Better Network† (digicel.com). The price sensitive merchandise allows customers to get more for their dollar. Digicel offers its customers 24 hours a day, seven days a week services, which is appealing in any retail market. The goal is to satisfy the growing telecommunication needs of customers. The best example of this organisational change that I can think of is the globalization of Digicel. This Organisational change began in 2001 when Denis O’brian opened in Jamaica. This was the beginning of Digicel’s vision of becoming an international company. Since then, Digicel has been aggressively expanding its markets and investments throughout the Eastern Caribbean Region, and Ireland. The company currently has operations in a number of countries including Ireland, Central America, Oceania, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Barbados, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Vincent, Dominica, Antigua, Panama, Bermuda and Grenada to name a few. Digicel also employs more than 5,500 associates worldwide, with more than 1000 stores currently in operation. Digicel is committed to achieving leadership as a telecommunication service provider. In order to achieve this goal, it has implemented specific business strategies that include globalization. Digicel leaders believe that globalization is critical to the company’s growth and continued success. In its quest to remain competitive, Digicel is pressing onward on its mission of seeking new opportunities, innovations, solutions, and talent in the global markets. Major advances in technology and communication and the growth of the Internet have also made it possible for Digicel to conduct and manage business globally. The company’s utilization of technology has been and will continue to be critical in its business success. Digicel being a communication company, along with other global companies are now dependent heavily on electronic communication devices to conduct business transactions. Integration of enhanced information system has a significant impact on the way Digicel collects, access, and disseminate information. Technological innovations have increased the efficiency and quality of business processes. Digicel uses the internet through the social networks lik e twitter and facebook to attract new customers and advertise their services. However, in spite of all the advantages, technology also has its drawbacks. Digicel is now online and services can be done at local banks and connected through computers. Therefore, the company is vulnerable to hackers and computer viruses that can paralyze its business. Computer crime is also a threat and has damaging effects on any global information systems. Computer security and protection is critical to the business. The use of technology in the business also has a major impact on privacy issues. Violation of privacy, computer monitoring, and computer matching, unauthorized personal files are examples of privacy issues that can destroy the reputation or integrity of any company (O’Brien, J. 2003). Digicel must take these threats seriously as it continues to compete in both national and international markets. An issue that faces Digicel or any company that uses technology is that technology is not static. In fact, the dominant attribute of technology is that it is always changing. Digicel must continue to invest to keep its technology up-to-date and able to help make the company compete successfully in the global markets. It has to ensure that its employees are effectively trained on the use of technology to achieve maximum productivity and quality. Digicel’s managers and employees involved in international business regularly interact with people from different countries. They are constantly exposed to different social, political, cultural, and economical challenges. The globalization of Digicel can present complex problems for its international managers and employees. Post, Lawrence, and Weber , 1999 states that to do business in the international market, a company must â€Å"design a business plan that fits with the cultural, competitive, and political realities of diverse societies defined by features such as language, customs, religion, and traditions† (p.125). It is important for Digicel to not only appreciate the cultural differences, but also to understand how these differences can affect its international business operations. Digicel should vary its management process and practices to take these differences into account. Maintaining current or potential multinational customers is a challenge for any global business. Each time Digicel opens a store in a different country, it has to integrate the â€Å"company’s unique culture and effective retailing concepts to each new country†. However, the emergence of multinational customers’, demand that Digicel also has to take into account and be sensitive to the difference s in customer preferences, needs and requirements. The company has done considerable market research and analysis before its expansion to other countries. The globalization of a company’s market poses a challenge to the individuals responsible in the management of knowledge. Companies use knowledge management technologies to have a focused view of its customers around the world. Development of technology and expanding markets in different economic regions necessitates the use of knowledge management technologies. Organizational change is a major strength for Digicel. They are consistently redefining processes to reduce costs in the area of telecommunications, inventory replenishment lead times, purchasing and defining the appropriate product and merchandise mix at each of their locations. Operations at Digicel are built on the premise that they can offer everyday low prices. This has been a competitive area that Digicel has had success in. Digicel has been able to build consumer trust by delivering the promise of the cutting-edge technologies and services at a competitive price. By driving down costs in all portions of their business they have a successful business strategy. What makes Digicel successful is its â€Å"ability to apply technology to its critical processes† (www.digicelgroup.com). It is important to note that new knowledge and technology comes from the innovative and creative minds of employees and leaders. The need to be better and/or faster inspires new way of thinking. A company that encourages innovative and creative thinking and integrates these into its organizational culture will attain competitive advantage. The goal of planned organizational change is to find new or improved ways of using resources and capabilities in order to increase an organization’s ability to create value and improve returns to its stakeholders. An organization in decline may need to restructure its resources to improve its fit with the environment. At the same time even a thriving organization like Digicel may need to change the way it uses its resources so that it can extend its business and find new markets for its existing products. One of the findings from my studies revealed that the employees of Digicel resisted the change to conduct business online and through the local financial institutions. In a sense, this is positive. It provides a degree of stability and predictability to behavior. If there weren’t some resistance, Digicel may have taken on characteristics of chaotic randomness. Resistance to change can also be a source of functional conflict. For example, resistance to Digicel’s transformational change or its reorganisation stimulated a healthy debate over the merits of the idea and resulted in a better decision. But there is a definite downside to resistance to change. It hinders adaptation and progress. Resistance to change doesn’t necessarily surface in standardized ways. The resistance to change at Digicel was overt and immediate. It made it easier for management to deal with resistance when it is was this way: For instance when the change was proposed and employees quickly responded because they thought their jobs were being made redundant by voicing complaints, engaging in a work slowdown, threatening to go on strike, or the like. The greater challenge for management would have been managing resistance that was implicit or deferred. Implicit resistance efforts are more subtle – loss of loyalty to the organization, loss of motivation to work, increased errors or mistakes, increased absentism due to sickness and hence, more difficult to recognize. Similarly, deferred actions cloud the link between the source of the resistance and the reaction to it. A change may produce what appears to be only a minimal reaction at the time it is initiated, but then resistance surfaces weeks, months or even years later. A single change that in and of itself might have little impact becomes the straw that breaks the company’s back. Reactions to change can build up and then explode in some response that seems to tally out of proportion to the change action it follows. The resistance, of course, has merely been deferred and stockpiled what surfaces is a response to an accumulation of previous changes. When management is willing to discuss openly with their employees all aspects of an impending change, it is desirable that ample time be planned between the initial mention of the change and the state of its actual initiation. Management should use this interval to ensure that all involved attain maximum understanding of the change and its probable consequences. Management should plan the length of this interval by working out a trade-off betwe en two considerations. Often these will be in conflict with each other. The first of this is a question of how long it takes for the processes of accommodation and rationalization to occur for the most people involved. The second consideration is an evaluation of those situational factors which determine when the change must be instituted and implemented and when the benefits must be realized. To achieve the best trade-off between these two considerations, management needs to evaluate the relative costs of two alternatives; delaying the introduction of the change to gain more preparation time in the interest of realizing optimum benefits, conforming to the intended schedule with the possibility of an increased risk of resistance and the resultant probability of reduced benefits. In many instances, management may discover that it will be economical to delay the change until the possibility of its acceptance is enhanced. If management decides not to delay, resistance may cause not only reduction in the possible benefits but also probable delays in their re alization, management should plan sufficient time during the early phase of the change for accommodation and rationalization to occur and for understanding to be developed. Involvement and participation are perhaps the most powerful techniques management can use to gain acceptance of change. Commitment to carry out these decisions is intensified. Personal satisfaction derived from the job is increased. The extent of personal involvement can range from merely being informed, to discussing problems and voicing opinions and feelings to actually making and implementing decision. Digicel has become one of Caribbean’s most successful telephone companies by offering communication services at low prices for individual, families and corporations. It is strong because it shapes perception better than any company in the region. Digicel’s power position relative to the key policy issues and stakeholders is one of domination. The size, wealth, and financial power of the company are impressive. It is the largest communication company in the Eastern Caribbean States. It is the largest political and social donor in the retail sector. This dominance, and the company’s finances, coupled with retaining the top lobby shops in the Region give the company an advantage. The company manages its relationship with its key stakeholders in a way that maximizes the tactical advantage of Digicel. With groups that the company perceives as hostile, such as other communication companies, complaining former employees, or even local ad hoc opposition groups, who are fighting to keep Digicel out of their community, the company uses every means available to it in order to win. Digicel has established a foundation in an effort to give back to the community where the company is based by issuing scholarships, sponsoring sports personnel and assist the less fortunate. The company applies its retail philosophy, of being the best, and winning, into its political and public affairs strategy. Using tools at its disposal, such as the top law firms, and top Public Relations firms, the company does battle in court with those who challenge it. In public, Digicel uses top of the line Public Relations strategy firms to produce commercials for its stores and to portray the best possible image. Another way the company is successful is its ability thus far to keep out of the headlines any significant negative publicity. The company has also avoided being probed by regulators for some of its aggressive retailing and competition practices. In the case of Digicel and government relations, the goal is to have a low profile, and to keep government regulators away. Its relationships with key stakeholders are maintained as well by the communication of corporate statements on its Internet site and through other paper based corporate communications. It keeps contact with the Government offices and retained political groups. The strategic and tactical advantage of Digicel when pursuing a political and public affairs strategy is the use of its financial resources and to provide handset for communications. It can buy an army of the top lobby firms, lawyers, and public relations specialists should it need to. Since the company has a history of fighting back, and winning, when it is challenged, that may be keeping larger groups away from fighting the retail giant. From a scan of recent headlines, the company does not appear to be involved in fighting any major federal legislation. Notably, Digicel is involved in numerous municipal zoning disputes across the Region. In an attempt at meeting the demands of its customers within the region, Digicel embarked on purchasing various pieces of property in which to erect transmission towers. The top issue within this venture is the question of zoning regulations and the proximity of these towers in the communities and the population on the whole. The company has been making large payouts in an attempt to keep the towers which were erected and to erect more so as to establish greater services. The company’s strategic and tactical activities are more apparent at the state and municipal levels. Mainly, the company fights legislation through the courts. Top issues are municipal zoning regulations. At the federal level, it is worth noting that Digicel gives heavily to political candidates, who happen to be generally pro business in their voting. Digicel does not generally employ a grassroots campaign strategy, as it has no established infrastructure to do this. It has over five thousand, five hundred employees. Should the company wish to tap its â€Å"associates† to become active on an issue, such as trade, for example, they would have a large base of people to draw upon. May of the She Magazine noted that Digicel sometimes stages grassroots efforts to oppose local companies who are rallying against technological advances. Digicel will send in professionals and staff from its headquarters to form business development and revitalization committees, and use these fronts to challenge the anti Digicel groups (She Magazine, 33) In terms of consistency, the company has much to improve in the way of dealing with communities and groups. The company chooses to cut costs and push the boundaries of existing regulations. Then it falls victim to lawsuits and is sued for hundreds of thousands of dollars. The company has a goal of keeping out unions. Yet, the company by its frugal employee wage compensation practice, the reliance on part-time workers, and unfair shift scheduling practice, is creating discord among its employees. These conditions foster the development of labor unions. If the company were to improve its payment and treatment of employees, perhaps it can avoid future problems and issues such as turnover. The company is well positioned to tackle any obstacle. While not maintaining a large government relations department, the company retains top lobbyists, making it ready and capable to deal with issues as needs warrant. In conclusion, Digicel is the number one retailer in the Caribbean Region and operates in many countries and is moving into new countries every year. Digicel is also expanding as a telecommunication giant. Each year, the number of people who have a stake in Digicel also grows since gives shares to the employees. Digicel has had reasons to file law suits against its competitors as injunctions were placed against them as it relates to use of similar networks within the same region. Digicel is often able to uncut many other local industries and more communication companies are shutting down when Digicel moves into town. As a result of Digicel’s ever growing size and variety of services they offer, their public affairs department is going to become more and more important. As Digicel attain sectors of the marketplace, there is going to be more regulation against them and their public affairs department is going to have to work harder to make it possible for Digicel to continue to grow. And as the animosity against Digicel becomes more widespread, here and in foreign countries, Digicel is going to have to work harder to maintain their good reputation. Digicel’s foundation will become increasingly more important for giving things back to the community. In order for Digicel to stay at the top of their game and follow the company’s strategy and achieve their key policy goals, they are going to have to deal better with their stakeholders and make sure they guard their reputation well. Bibliography Module – Managing Change in Organisations. http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/organizational-change-management-OCM http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/transformational-change.html (2008) About Digicel. Retrieved November 8, 2008 http://www.digicel.com/wps-portal/storelocator/St.Lucia- About_Digicel.jsp May Wayne. She Margazine† Into Their Business Model. Volume 3. Star Publishing Company. October 2010. Page 33. Post, J.E, Lawrence, A. T., & Weber, J. (1999). Contemporary Business Issues with Readings. Based on selected materials from the ninth edition of business and society: corporate strategy, public policy, ethics, New York, McGraw-Hill Gareth R. Jones (2004). Organizational Theory, Design, and Change: Text and Cases. Fourth Edition. Pearson Education, New Delhi. Kavita Singh (2005). Organisation Change and Development. New Delhi :Excel. 2000-2001. National Directory of Corporate Public Affairs.

Diet and Depression

â€Å"Can Diet Help Stop Depression and Violence? † Every prisoner in jail most likely incarcerated due to some sort of violence they’ve committed or been a part of. There are many suggestions as to what can bring down depression and violence rates like Jurriaan Kamp explained. Some given information from the passage includes more physical activities, yoga, meditation and a well balanced diet. Yes, these symptoms might help bring down the depression and violence rates but that is not the only thing that has been researched on.Weirdly enough fish oil can provide the extra boost. Having a healthy diet with enough vitamins and nutrients are a great start for a healthy well-being. After researching and doing studies on certain prisoners and students by feeding them fish oil it is provident to say that prison violence dropped, children in school began to achieve better grades, and depression rates have fallen. Bad diets cause bad behavior and good diet prevents it. 231 Briti sh prisoners were rounded up and began to be investigated upon for four months.Bernard Gesch, a psychologist and the researcher spitted the men aged 18-21 in half. Half of them would be receiving multivitamin, mineral, and fatty-acid supplements with their meals. The other half would be taking placebos, a substance containing no medication to see if the vitamins and fatty acid like omega 3 really had an effect on prisoners’ violence and minor infractions. As month passed and Gesch observed that minor infractions of prison rules by the group consuming multivitamins and omega 3 had fallen by 26 percent.On the other hand the group taking the fake medication barely changed. The most dramatic changed was showed in the group taking the fish oil, incidents of violence dropped to a staggering 37 perfect while the prisoners on placebos did not change. Gesch did the same research in the Netherlands but results were different than in England. This time around he conducted research with 221 inmates ages 18-25. 116 of them were given daily supplements for up to 3 months. The other 105 receive placebos.Report of violence dropped by 34 percent but contrastingly the prisoners on placebos rose 13 percent. Better healthy can only help violence and can not hurt it, so why not take the chance. Additionally, another place where nutrition as been improved and seems to be working is in the city of Durham, England. A psychologist conducted a study in 12 primary schools. The study was based on 117 children ages 5-12. Students were of average ability but underachieving in some aspects.Likewise in the prisoner’s research half of the students were given omega-3 supplements for 3 months and the other half received an olive oil placebo. Results showed that those students taking the omega-3 did significantly better in spelling than those students who were taking placebos. The psychologist also goes to explain that yes there are prescriptions for disorders such as Ritalin, but states that there’s also something more than can be done. One of the choices is to increase your child’s intake of omega-3.It may not totally cure his disorder but it will cause no harm and omega-3 will only benefit the child’s disorders. It can play an important role in stimulation the brain, keeping it healthy, and helping it ward off debilitating conditions. Seeing as the number of people with psychological disorders will double. People should take into consideration and should want to take omega-3 to better their health and their brain by just taking a simple fish oil pill. Jurriaan Kamp stated that 6. percent of New Zealanders suffer from severe depression; these citizens also eat very little fish. In Japan where the fish consumption is high, 0. 1 percent of the people suffer from depression. After carefully looking at the statistics psychologist have come to the conclusion that in countries in which fish consumption is low there is a new found theory that it is more likely of suffering from depression by 50 times greater than in countries where the consumption is high.People should eat fish regardless if it does help depression or not. Fish isn’t only beneficial to depression but it is also good for ones health. Depression is rare in Iceland, which has the highest per capita fish consumption in the world. It was also found that the risk of being murdered is thirty times higher in countries where fish consumption is low compared to countries where fish consumption is high.In conclusion, after reading all these statistics it’s safe to say everyone should take fish oil or omega-3. Hibbeln found that depressive and aggressive feelings diminished by about 50 percent after taking fish-oil capsules. Not only does it better your chances of being ‘violent’ or even going into ‘severe depression’ but also it’s excellent for your body over all. Even just increasing your consumption of fish it self c an do the body nothing but it nothing but multiple of superb results.

An Analysis of the Prohibition in the Great Gatsby, a Novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald

An Analysis of the Prohibition in the Great Gatsby, a Novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald Prohibition in the Great Gatsby symbolizes the resistance of the American people. F. Scott Fitzgerald gives the readers an inside look to the 1920’s. The Great Gatsby is brimming with the resistance of the alcohol bans set in place by the U.S. government. The Prohibition was set into action on January 16, 1920. No one could no longer in the U.S. manufacture, import, export, or sale alcoholic beverages(The Roaring 20s). The government was pressured into the new amendment because of many movements such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. The WCTU was largely concerned with the protection of the family. The union saw drinking by men a threat to wives and children. Drinking was also saw as sinful by many Protestant churches(Women Leaders of Temperance). It was groups and movements like these that undoubtedly wanted to prohibit alcohol. Although it seemed like a good concept it was tough for many to accept and even harder to execute. After the Prohibition Act came the Volstead Act ensued. This outlawed even beverages containing as little as 0.5% alcohol. Included in this was beer and wine. Many Americans thought that only hard liquor would be banned, the addition of drinks like beer and wine caused many to abandon the Prohibition Act (Prohibition). Early America wasn’t the dryest of countries. Everyone drank alcohol in some shape and form no matter the age (The Bootlegging Business). Many Americans opposed the Prohibition Act, so they found the means to get what they wanted. Underground establishments soon became a large business and a great opportunity to make some money. The most popular name for these establishments were speakeasies. The name came about because you would have to â€Å"speak easy† or quietly about it in public or around police (The Roaring 20s. While in a speakeasy patrons drank the hard liquor out of tea cups so that if a raid were to happen, they would be safe. Illegal drinking became the hit of the season. Soon gangster-owned speakeasies replaced neighborhood saloons and by 1925 they were about ten thousand speakeasies in New York (The Riverwalk Jazz). Hard liquor was very hard to buy, now that it was illegal it became very expensive. Those who could not afford it simply made their own often in bathtubs. Bathtub gin as it was called, was not always safe and was responsible for causing blindness and even death. People who had no idea what they were doing were often the ones making it. Drinking bathtub gin put drinkers at risk of consuming unsafe concentrations of wood or denatured alcohol (Prohibition). Gangsters realised that their was big money behind selling hard liquor. Not even an hour after the Prohibition Act was set in place six armed men had been found trying to rob train in Chicago of medicinal whiskey (How Prohibition Backfired). One gangster bought a group of pharmacists in the Midwest so that he was able to legally obtain alcohol and then hijack his trucks and take the alcohol for illegal uses. Alcohol used for industrial reasons was turned onto moonshine easily by bootleggers.In many large cities it wasn’t unusual for hardware stores to sell copper still and other ingredients to make alcohol (Prohibition and Why It Failed). The biggest gangster of them all was Al Capone. He made a name for himself by running a multi- million dollar operation. He smuggled illegal alcohol into Chicago. He was also known for being incredibly violent with his rival gangs (The Roaring 20s). In two years, Capone was earning around sixty million a year from alcohol sales alone. Capone was able to bribe the police and important politicians of Chicago, overall it cost him seventy five million dollars to keep them in line but he considered it a good investment. The mayor of Chicago in 1927 was one of Capone’s men, Big Bill Thompson (Prohibition and the Gangsters). Prohibition was never enforceable. Moderate drinking for Americans just simply wasn’t viewed as sinful (Prohibition). The Prohibition proved to be worthless and only lowed the regard for the government and law. In 1933, the eighteenth amendment was repealed, although many states kept the idea (The Roaring 20s). Many scholars have concluded that the Prohibition did more damage rather than help the communities. The greatest failure of the Prohibition was that it led to growth in organised crime. It also failed because ordinary citizens were willing to break the law. Corruption was rife among the police as well as those who were charged with enforcing the Prohibition(Prohibition and Why It Failed). Gatsby was known to have these crazy parties where people got drunk. Meaning he was able to get his hands on alcohol illegally. â€Å"He and this Wolfsheim bought up a lot of side- street drug stores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter†. Gatsby did something very similar to an gangster in new York that bought the pharmacies. Gatsby then used the alcohol at his gigantic parties (The Great Gatsby). Symbolized in the Great Gatsby was the Prohibition. Gatsby had large parties were many people would get wildly drunk. Fitzgerald gave his readers an inside look into his life. The roaring 20s. The Great Gatsby is filled with resistance from many American people that once supported the Prohibition Act.

Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Interpretation - Essay Example 99-117). To understand the relationship between cultural aspects in the global environment and the economic sector, this paper will analyze and interpret the Japanese culture and its influence on the global economics through a focus on the global sushi boom. Sushi is a Japanese food that consists of cooked vinegared rice combined with other ingredients. Sushi is often combined with seafood, vegetables and fruits of various kinds. The food can either be prepared with a brown or white rice, but usually combined with raw seafood. The original sushi was first made in Japan along Mekong River, with the word sushi meaning, â€Å"sour testing† in Japanese dialect. Other than being food for the Japanese, sushi has hit the global market and can be treated as a case of culturally oriented food that is economically sold due to its orientation to a particular culture (Rumi, 2011, pp. 99-117). In 1960’s and 70’s, the global sushi boom hit the American market and quickly spread to many parts of the world. With the increased association of the food to the Japanese culture, most people who wished a test of the Japanese culture favored the sushi making the food a market viable product. Currently, there are sushi restaurants in most cities of Europe, Asia, Russia, India and in the Latin America. An increased number of Japanese restaurants overseas have in the past led to high profile media coverage of the success of the Japanese culture overseas in the country. However, with the glory of the success of the sushi, Japan has in the recent past attempted to certify genuine sushi overseas, a move that is seen by other nations as Japan attempt to create a â€Å"sushi police†. The development of sushi, which is a culturally oriented food to a global commodity, has given Japan pride and challenges with equal measure. In Japan, following the success of the product in 1960’s, they developed a popular